AnaPhy 02

Multiple Choice

smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions

• cell

• cell unit

• cytology

• protein

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basic unit of living things

• cytokinesis

• glucose

• cell

• protein

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Function of the cell:

Cell metabolism and energy use

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Function of the cell:

Synthesis of molecules

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Function of the cell:

Communication. Cells doesn't produce and receive electrical and chemical signals

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Function of the cell:

Reproduction and Inheritance. Each cell contains ___. Some cells are specialized to gametes for exchange during sexual intercourse

• DNA

• RNA

Functions of the Cell

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• Cell metabolism and energy use • Synthesis of molecules

• Communication. Cells produce and receive electrical and chemical signals

• Reproduction and Inheritance. Each cell contains DNA. Some cells are specialized to gametes for exchange during sexual intercourse

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Cell theory

• All living things are made up of cells

• Related to specific structure and function of the cell

• Cells are the smallest working units of all living things

• All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division

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Basic Structure of the Cell

• Plasma membrane

• Cytoplasm containing organelles

• Nucleus

• Ribosomes

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referred to as organelles

• DNA

• cell parts

• cytoplasm

• nucleus

​Cell Organelles

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• Cell Parts are referred to as organelles.

• Small specialized structures with particular functions

• Most have membranes that separate interior of organelles from cytoplasm

• Related to specific structure and function of the cell

Cell Wall

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• Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria

• Supports & protects cells

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Cell Membrane

​

• protective layer around all cells

• allows food and oxygen into the cell and waste products out of the cell

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Cytoplasm

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• Gel-like material

• Surrounded by cell membrane

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​Nucleus

​

• contains instructions for everything cell does; includes DNA

• Membrane-bound

• Nucleoplasm, nucleolus and nuclear envelope

• Much of the DNA in a cell located here​

​

Chromosome Structure

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• Chromatin: DNA complexed with proteins (histones)

• During cell division, chromatin condenses into pairs of chromatids called chromosomes. Each pair of chromatids is joined by a centromere​

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​Ribosome

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• Each cell contains thousands

• Make proteins

• Found on ER & floating throughout the cell​

• Sites of protein synthesis

• Composed of a large and a small subunit

​

• Types:

• Free

• Attached (to endoplasmic reticulum)

​Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER for Short)

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• Moves materials around in cell

• Smooth type: lacks ribosomes

• Rough type : ribosomes embedded in surface

​

• Types:

• Rough

• Has attached ribosomes

• Proteins produced and modified here

​

• Smooth • No attached ribosomes

• Manufactures lipids

• Cisternae: Interior spaces isolated from rest of cytoplasm​

​Mitochondrion

​

• releases energy from food

• Controls level of water and other materials in cell

​

Mitochondria ​

​

• Major site of ATP synthesis

• Membranes

• Cristae: Infoldings of inner membrane

• Matrix: Substance located in space formed by inner membrane

• Mitochondria increase in number when cell energy requirements increase.

• Mitochondria contain DNA that codes for some of the proteins needed for mitochondria production.​

​Chloroplasts

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• Found only in plant cells.

• Contains green chlorophyll

• Where photosynthesis takes place

• Helps plant cells make food.

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Vacuole

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• membrane-bound temporary storage spaces

• Contains water solution

• Help plants maintain shape

​Golgi Body

​

• Protein 'packaging plant'

• Move materials within the cell

• Move materials out of the cell

​

Golgi Apparatus

• Modification, packaging, distribution of proteins and lipids for secretion or internal use

• Flattened membrane sacs stacked on each other

Centrioles and Spindle Fibers

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• Located in centrosome: specialized zone near nucleus

• Center of microtubule formation

• Before cell division, centrioles divide, move to ends of cell and organize spindle fibers​

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Cilia

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• Appendages projecting from cell surfaces

• Capable of movement

• Moves materials over the cell surface

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​Flagella

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• Similar to cilia but longer ​

• Usually only one per cell

• Move the cell itself in wave-like fashion

• Example: sperm cell

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Microvilli

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• Extension of plasma membrane ​

• Increase the cell surface area

• Normally many on each cell

• One tenth to one twentieth size of cilia

• Do not move

​

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Supports & protects cells

• golgi body

• ER

• cell wall

• mitochondria

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allows food and oxygen into the cell and waste products out of the cell.

• cell membrane

• cytoplasm

• ribosomes

• nucleus

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Gel-like material

Surrounded by cell membrane

• cell membrane

• cytoplasm

• ribosomes

• nucleus

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contains instructions for everything cell does; includes DNA

• cell membrane

• cytoplasm

• ribosomes

• nucleus

Multiple Choice

Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria

• ER

• cytoplasm

• cell wall

• nucleus

Multiple Choice

Membrane-bound

Nucleoplasm, nucleolus and nuclear envelope

Much of the DNA in a cell located here

• cytoplasm

• cell membrane

• nucleus

• cell wall

Multiple Choice

DNA complexed with proteins (histones)

• chromosomes

• chromatin

• chromatids

• centromere

Multiple Select

during cell division, chromatin condenses into pairs of ___ called ___

• chromosomes

• chromatin

• chromatids

• centromere

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Each pair of chromatids is joined by a

• chromosomes

• chromatin

• chromatids

• centromere

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Each cell contains thousands

Make proteins

• ribosomes

• endoplasmic reticulum

• smooth ER

• rough ER

Multiple Choice

Has attached ribosomes

Proteins produced and modified here

• ribosomes

• endoplasmic reticulum

• smooth ER

• rough ER

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Sites of protein synthesis

• ribosomes

• endoplasmic reticulum

• smooth ER

• rough ER

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Moves materials around in cell

• ribosomes

• endoplasmic reticulum

• smooth ER

• rough ER

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No attached ribosomes

Manufactures lipids

• ribosomes

• endoplasmic reticulum

• smooth ER

• rough ER

Multiple Choice

Composed of a large and a small subunit

Types:

Free

Attached (to endoplasmic reticulum)

• ribosomes

• endoplasmic reticulum

• smooth ER

• rough ER

Multiple Choice

ribosomes embedded in surface

• ribosomes

• endoplasmic reticulum

• smooth ER

• rough ER

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Interior spaces isolated from rest of cytoplasm

• lipids

• cisternae

• smooth ER

• rough ER

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releases energy from food

• mitochondrion

• matrix

• cristae

• mitochondria

Multiple Choice

Major site of ATP synthesis

• mitochondrion

• matrix

• cristae

• mitochondria

Multiple Choice

increase in number when cell energy requirements increase

• mitochondrion

• matrix

• cristae

• mitochondria

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Controls level of water and other materials in cell

• mitochondrion

• matrix

• cristae

• mitochondria

Multiple Choice

Infoldings of inner membrane

• mitochondrion

• matrix

• cristae

• mitochondria

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contain DNA that codes for some of the proteins needed for mitochondria production

• mitochondrion

• matrix

• cristae

• mitochondria

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Substance located in space formed by inner membrane

• mitochondrion

• matrix

• cristae

• mitochondria

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membranes of mitochondria

• cisternae

• cristae

• centromere

• matrix

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Found only in plant cells

• chloroplasts

• vacuole

• golgi body

• golgi apparatus

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Flattened membrane sacs stacked on each other

• chloroplasts

• vacuole

• golgi body

• golgi apparatus

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Moves materials within and out the cell

• chloroplasts

• vacuole

• golgi body

• golgi apparatus

Multiple Choice

membrane-bound temporary storage spaces

• chloroplasts

• vacuole

• golgi body

• golgi apparatus

Multiple Choice

Where photosynthesis takes place

• chloroplasts

• vacuole

• golgi body

• golgi apparatus

Multiple Choice

Protein 'packaging plant'

• chloroplasts

• vacuole

• golgi body

• golgi apparatus

Multiple Choice

Help plants maintain shape

• chloroplasts

• vacuole

• golgi body

• golgi apparatus

Multiple Choice

Contains water solution

• chloroplasts

• vacuole

• golgi body

• golgi apparatus

Multiple Choice

Helps plant cells make food

• chloroplasts

• vacuole

• golgi body

• golgi apparatus

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Modification, packaging, distribution of proteins and lipids for secretion or internal use

• chloroplasts

• vacuole

• golgi body

• golgi apparatus

Multiple Choice

Contains green chlorophyll

• chloroplasts

• vacuole

• golgi body

• golgi apparatus

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Located in centrosome: specialized zone near nucleus

• cilia

• flagella

• centrioles and spindle fibers

• microvilli

Multiple Choice

Capable of movement

• cilia

• flagella

• centrioles and spindle fibers

• microvilli

Multiple Choice

Similar to cilia but longer

• cilia

• flagella

• centrioles and spindle fibers

• microvilli

Multiple Choice

Extension of plasma membrane

• cilia

• flagella

• centrioles and spindle fibers

• microvilli

Multiple Choice

Appendages projecting from cell surfaces

• cilia

• flagella

• centrioles and spindle fibers

• microvilli

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Center of microtubule formation

• cilia

• flagella

• centrioles and spindle fibers

• microvilli

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Increase the cell surface area

• cilia

• flagella

• centrioles and spindle fibers

• microvilli

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Usually only one per cell

• cilia

• flagella

• centrioles and spindle fibers

• microvilli

Multiple Choice

Before cell division, centrioles divide, move to ends of cell and organize spindle fibers

• cilia

• flagella

• centrioles and spindle fibers

• microvilli

Multiple Choice

Normally many on each cell

• cilia

• flagella

• centrioles and spindle fibers

• microvilli

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Move the cell itself in wave-like fashion

• cilia

• flagella

• centrioles and spindle fibers

• microvilli

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Moves materials over the cell surface

• cilia

• flagella

• centrioles and spindle fibers

• microvilli

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One tenth to one twentieth size of cilia

• cilia

• flagella

• centrioles and spindle fibers

• microvilli

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Does not move

• cilia

• flagella

• centrioles and spindle fibers

• microvilli

Multiple Choice

an example of this is a sperm cell

• cilia

• flagella

• centrioles and spindle fibers

• microvilli