Molecular Genetics (Central Dogma - Protein Synthesis) Review

​Molecular Genetics Review

Central Dogma - Protein Synthesis​

• Chargaff - base pairing rules

• Franklin - X-Ray of DNA double helix

• Watson & Crick - credited with discovering DNA structure​

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​Discovery of DNA

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Multiple Choice

What was Watson and Crick's main scientific accomplishment?

• Building the first accurate model of DNA

• Isolating strains of pneumonia causing bacteria

• Determining base pairing rules

• Discovering the process of genetic transformation

Multiple Choice

Who is responsible for producing this image?

• Francis Crick

• James Watson

• Rosalind Franklin

• Watson and Crick

Multiple Choice

Which of these are the correct way for "bases" to pair in DNA?

• A-T and C-G

• A-C and T-G

• A-G and T-C

• A-A, T-T, C-C, G-G

Multiple Choice

In a DNA molecule, 31% of the bases are Adenine. What % would be Thymine?

• 38%

• 19%

• 31%

• 68%

• ​Repeating sequence of nucleotides

• Nucleotide structure: phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogen base

• Adenine pairs with Thymine

• ​Cytosine pairs with Guanine

• Genetic code is in the sequence of bases (ATC-TAA-CGG)

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​DNA Structure

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• ​Process that happens during S-phase of Interphase

• ​Function of replication is to provide an exact copy of the genetic code

• Replication is semi-conservative​

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​DNA Replication

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following units are repeatedly joined together to form a strand of DNA?

• Amino Acids

• Nucleotides

• Fatty Acids

• Polysaccharides

Multiple Choice

The process of DNA replication is called semi conservative because it results in

• none of these

• Two DNA molecules.  One original molecule and one with two new strands

• two exact copies with new strands

• two DNA molecules, each with 1 original strand and one new.

Multiple Choice

The enzyme used to separate the double helix into 2 single strands is:

• Nuclease

• Primase

• Helicase

• DNA polymerase III

Multiple Choice

In a molecule of double-stranded DNA, the amount of Adenine present is always equal to the amount of

• Cytosine

• Guanine

• Thymine

• Uracil

Multiple Choice

Which enzyme joins together Okazaki fragments?

• DNA pol I

• Helicase

• Ligase

• Primase

Multiple Choice

The DNA sequence of the parent strand is 5'-ATGCTCAGCT-3'. What is the sequence of the daughter strand?

• 3'-UACGAGUCGA-5'

• 5'-UACGAGUCGA-3'

• 3'-TACGAGTCGA-5'

• 5'-TACGAGTCGA-3'

Multiple Choice

Why would it be important to replicate DNA before a cell divides in mitosis or meiosis?

• In order for the DNA to be contained in the nucleus.

• In order for the cell to re-order the DNA sequencing in the new cells.

• In order for the cell to be able to increase in size.

• In order for genetic information to be transferred into daughter cells.

• Repeating sequence of nucleotides

• RNA nucleotide: phosphate, ribose sugar​, nitrogen base

• Adenine on DNA pairs with Uracil on RNA

• Thymine on DNA pairs with Adenine on RNA​

• Cytosine on DNA pairs with Guanine on RNA

• Guanine ​on DNA pairs with Cytosine on RNA

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​RNA Structure

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• ​Occurs in the nucleus

• DNA is the template

• Creates mRNA - a copy of the genetic code held by the DNA​

• mRNA copies a section of DNA - a gene

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​Transcription

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Multiple Choice

How would the DNA sequence GCTATA be transcribed to mRNA?

• GCUAUA

• CGATAT

• CGAUAU

• GCUTUT

Multiple Choice

The process by which the genetic code of DNA is copied into a strand of RNA is called

• translation

• transcription

• transformation

• replication

Multiple Choice

RNA has what base that is instead of thymine?

• guanine

• adenine

• thymine

• uracil

Multiple Choice

Where does transcription take place?

• nucleus

• cytoplasm

• ribosome

• Genetic code from mRNA is translated to proteins

• Occurs in the cytoplasm at the ribosome

• Codons on mRNA determine the amino acid sequence​

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​Translation

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​Creation of a protein from a segment of DNA (gene)

Steps of Protein Synthesis

1. ​mRNA made from DNA template

2. ​mRNA moves to ribosome

3. ​tRNA transfers amino acids to ribosome & bind to mRNA

4. ​Amino acids are linked with peptide bonds

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​Protein Synthesis

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Multiple Choice

What process is going on in this photo? 

• Transcription 

• Translation 

• Replication 

• All the above 

Multiple Choice

Translation is the process where.....

• mRNA is created in the Nucleus

• mRNA is decoded to form a protein 

• glucose molecules are made

• is where lipids are synthesised

Multiple Choice

How many amino acids are coded for by this sequence of nucleotides:
ATG GGA ACT CCA

• 4

• 2

• 6

• 12

Multiple Choice

The main function of tRNA is to.......

• carry a message that, when translated, forms proteins

• form a portion of ribosomes

• string together complementary RNA and DNA strands

• bring amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes

Multiple Choice

How many nucleotides code for 1 amino acid?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

Match

Match the following to where they occur

• nucleus

• cytoplasm

• nuclear pore

transcription

translation

mRNA leaves through

• transcription

• translation

• mRNA leaves through

Explanation Slide...

The 't' in tRNA stands for transfer, it transfers the amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome.

Explanation Slide...

Remember, a sequence of 3 bases code for each amino acid.

Explanation Slide...

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Explanation Slide...

This is translation as the mRNA code is being translated by the ribosome into the primary amino acid sequence.