Covalent Bonds

​Covalent Bonds

Covalent bonding occurs in elements and compounds containing non-metallic elements only and is formed when pairs of electrons are shared.

A shared pair of electrons is known as a single bond.

All which form a covalent bond join together to form uncharged molecules. All the atoms involved achieve a full outer shell of electrons.

for Hydrogen, it has only 1 electron which make it share the only electron. The total electrons after bonded for hydrogen is only 2 electrons (duplet).

the rest atoms must be octet (8 electrons), but for period 3 and above, they can make more than 8 electrons.​

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1 electron shared by each hydrogen​

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​Hydrogen (H₂)

Cl₂ = 1 electron shared by each chlorine atom

H₂O = 1 electron shared by each hydrogen, to form two single covalent bonds​

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​Cl₂ and H₂O

Multiple Choice

Which diagram shows the arrangement of the outer shell electrons in a molecule of water?

Multiple Choice

The structure of propane, C₃H₈, is shown.

How many electrons are involved in the bonding of propane?

• 8

• 10

• 16

• 20

Draw

Sodium reacts with chlorine to form sodium chloride.

Which row describes the bonding in the three substances?

Multiple Choice

How many electrons are used to form covalent bonds in a molecule of methanol, CH₃OH?

• 5

• 6

• 8

• 10

THREE electrons are shared by two atoms

e.g. N₂​

​Triple bonds

TWO electrons are shared by two atoms​

e.g. CO₂​

​Double bonds

​Double Bonds and Triple bonds

Draw

Which row identifies compounds that contain single covalent bonds only, double covalent bonds only or both single and double covalent bonds?

Multiple Choice

Ethene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon.

Which description of the bonding in ethene is correct?

• All atoms in the molecule have a share of eight electrons.

• Each carbon atom shares two of its electrons with hydrogen atoms and two of its electrons with a carbon atom.

• Each carbon atom shares two of its electrons with hydrogen atoms and one of its electrons with a carbon atom.

• The two carbon atoms share a total of six electrons with other atoms.

Multiple Choice

The molecular structure of hydrazine, N₂H₄, is shown.

Which description of the bonding in hydrazine is not correct?

• Each nitrogen atom has a non-bonding pair of electrons.

• Each nitrogen atom has four bonding pairs of electrons.

• Each nitrogen atom shares one of its electrons with a nitrogen atom.

• Each nitrogen atom shares two of its electrons with hydrogen atoms.

Multiple Choice

Which diagram shows the outer shell electron arrangement in a molecule of methanol, CH₃OH?

​Properties of simple molecules

​Physical Properties

• low melting and boiling point, somehow found as gas molecules, due to weak intermolecular forces between molecules

• mostly cannot dissolve in water, but can dissolve in covalent solvents, such as propane

• cannot conduct electricity because there is no moving electrons

• cannot conduct heat​

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