HYDROSPHERE Review TEKS: E.6A E.4C, E.5B, E.9ABC

​Study the diagram of the WATER CYCLE, then test your understanding by completing the questions that follow.

Multiple Choice

When water is heated in the ocean by the sun and turns into water vapor it is called -

• condensation

• evaporation

• transpiration

• precipitation

• runoff

Multiple Choice

When water vapor is cooled and forms droplets it is called -

• condensation

• evaporation

• transpiration

• precipitation

• runoff

Multiple Choice

After condensation, the droplets of water in the clouds fall to Earth in different forms. This is called -

• condensation

• evaporation

• transpiration

• precipitation

• runoff

Multiple Choice

When plants release drops of water into the atmosphere it is called -

• condensation

• evaporation

• transpiration

• precipitation

• runoff

Multiple Choice

When water flows back into the ocean it is called -

• condensation

• evaporation

• transpiration

• precipitation

• runoff

Multiple Choice

Forms of precipitation are -

• only sleet and snow.

• rain, sleet, snow and hail.

• only dew mists and rain.

​Study the notes on the HYDROSPHERE, then test your understanding by completing the questions that follow.

• ​The hydrosphere includes all the water on or near Earth’s surface, such as the water in the oceans, lakes, rivers, wetlands, polar icecaps, soil, rock layers beneath Earth’s surface, clouds.

• ​The continuous movement of water into the air, onto land, and then back to water sources is known as the water cycle.

• ​Earth’s Oceans are interconnected into a single body of water, called the world ocean, which covers over 70 % of Earth’s surface.

• ​The largest ocean on Earth is the Pacific Ocean. The 2nd largest ocean on Earth is the Atlantic Ocean. The 3rd largest ocean on Earth is the Indian Ocean. The smallest ocean is the Arctic Ocean, much of its surface is covered in floating ice.

• ​The salinity of ocean water is the concentration of all the dissolved salts it contains. The average salt content of ocean water is 3.5 percent. Salinity is higher where water evaporates and leaves the salt behind.

• ​An important function of the world ocean is to absorb and store energy from sunlight. This regulates temperatures in Earth’s atmospheric and surface temperatures.

• ​Fresh Water - 3% of all the water on Earth is freshwater. Most of freshwater is locked up in icecaps and glaciers. The rest of Earth’s freshwater is found in lakes, rivers, wetlands, the soil, rock layers below the surface and in the atmosphere.

Multiple Choice

How much salt water covers the Earth?

• 3%

• 55%

• 65%

• 75%

Multiple Choice

Water in the oceans that contain 3-4% salt is referred to as -

• salt water

• fresh water

• rain water

Multiple Choice

Water in lakes and rivers that does not contain salt is -

• recycled water

• new water

• fresh water

Multiple Choice

Most of the Earth’s water is found -

• underground in aquifers.

• in rivers and lakes.

• in the oceans.

Multiple Choice

The surface zone of oceans is warmed by the sun, therefore it is located -

• in the middle of the ocean

• at the top of the ocean

• at the bottom of the ocean

• beneath the sand of an ocean

Multiple Choice

What includes all the water on or near earth’s surface?

• atmosphere

• hydrosphere

• geosphere

• biosphere

• ​Only 3% of the water on Earth is fresh, and in the form humans can use.

• Surface Water is fresh water on Earth’s land surface, found in lakes, rivers, streams and wetlands, and provides drinking water, water to grow crops, food such as fish and shellfish, power for industry, and a means of transportation.

​Study the notes on WATER RESOURCES, then test your understanding by completing the questions that follow.

• ​Some water trickles down through the ground and collects as groundwater. When is rains, water percolates through the soil into rocks beneath.

• The level where rocks and soil are saturated with water is known as the water table.

• Aquifers are rock layers that stores and allows the flow of ground water.

• ​An area from Earth’s surface from which water percolates down into an aquifer is called a recharge zone.

  The aquifer’s recharge zone is affected by the permeability of the surface above the aquifer. Building of structures can act as impermeable layers and reduce the amount of water entering the aquifer.

  Recharge zones are environmentally sensitive areas because any pollution in a recharge zone can also enter the aquifer.

• A watershed is the area of land that is drained by a river.

• ​Porosity is the percentage of total volume of a rock that has spaces (pores). 

• The ability of a rock or soil to allow water to flow through it is called permeability. 

• A well is a hole that is dug reach groundwater, above the water table

Multiple Choice

Surface water is found -

• above ground.

• below ground.

• at the bottom of oceans.

• in aquifers.

Multiple Choice

Where can you find groundwater?

• in ponds

• in lakes

• in aquifers

• in rivers.

Multiple Choice

A working well reaches -

• below the water table.

• above the water table.

• above the aquifer.

• within surface water.

Multiple Choice

Why are recharge zones environmentally sensitive?

• it is affected by air pollution

• most endangered species live there

• recharge zone pollution can affect the aquifer

• the salinity levels

Multiple Choice

Which of the following would be an example of surface water?

• river

• landfill

• rain droplets in clouds

• aquifer

Multiple Choice

According to the pie graph, what percentage of Earth’s water is fresh, and in the form humans can use?

• 22%

• 77%

• 97%

• 3%

Multiple Choice

The area of land that is drained by a river is known as a -

• tool shed

• paper shredder

• potting shed

• watershed

Multiple Choice

What is the level where rocks and soil are saturated with water?

• Water table

• Whataburger

• Water chair

• Water bowl

Multiple Choice

An underground formation that contains groundwater and are important water sources for many cities and for agriculture are known as -

• watersheds

• aquifers

• water tables

• oceans

• ​The three major uses for water - residential use, agricultural use, industrial use.

• The average person in the US uses about 300 L (80 gal) of water every day. Roughly 70% of this use occurs indoors.

​Study the notes on WATER USE & MANAGEMENT, then test your understanding by completing the questions that follow.

• ​Water treatment removes elements such as mercury, arsenic, and lead to make water potable (safe to drink).

• Pathogens are organisms that cause illness or disease. They are found in water contaminated by sewage or animal feces.

• Industry account for more than 19% of the water used in the world.

• Agriculture account for about 67% of the water used in the world.

• As water sources become depleted, water becomes more expensive - wells must be dug deeper, water must be piped greater distances, polluted water must be cleaned up before it can be used.

• Water Conservation in Agriculture - Drip irrigation systems

  deliver small amounts of water directly to plant roots by using

  perforated tubing. Water is released to plants at controlled rates.

• ​​Water Conservation in Industry - Some industries are using salt

  water instead of freshwater. Instead of discharging used water into a nearby river, businesses often recycle water.

• Desalination is the process of removing salt from salt water - expensive and consumes a lot of energy.

• Some countries transport fresh water from other regions - Greek island in the Mediterranean Sea has ships travel regularly from the mainland towing enormous plastic bags full of fresh water.

Multiple Choice

According to the chart, what activity uses the most water in a house?

• leaks

• faucets

• toilet flushing

• brushing teeth

Multiple Choice

How much of residential water is used inside homes?

• 25%

• 50%

• 70%

• unknown

Multiple Choice

Which accounts for more than half of the water use in the world?

• agriculture

• industry

• drinking water

• bathing water

Multiple Choice

What percentage of water is used in industry?

• 97%

• 25%

• 19%

• 50%

Multiple Choice

Which is NOT a way to conserve water?

• use high flow toilets

• wash full loads

• take shorter showers

• water the lawn at night

Multiple Choice

What do the Greek islands do for fresh water?

• desalination

• melt icebergs

• dig deep wells

• tow in water from the mainland

Multiple Choice

Why isn’t desalination widely used?

• it’s too expensive

• technology isn’t available

• you must be landlocked

• it doesn’t work well

Multiple Choice

Water treatment removes elements such as mercury, arsenic, and lead to make water _________, meaning safe to drink -

• transportable

• potable

• polluted

• contaminated

Multiple Choice

What is the term used for organisms that cause illness or disease - found in water contaminated by sewage or animal feces?

• Pathetic

• Homeopath

• Telepath

• Pathogens

Multiple Choice

The average person in the US uses about _________ of water every day.

• 300 L (80 gal)

• 100 L (26 gal)

• 50 L (13 gal)

• 500 L (132 gal)

• Water pollution is the introduction of chemical, physical or biological agents into water that degrade water quality and harm organisms that depend on the water.

​Study the notes on WATER POLLUTION, then test your understanding by completing the questions that follow.

• ​Point-source pollution is pollution discharged from a single source - can often be identified and traced to a source.

• Nonpoint-source pollution, also known as run-off pollution, comes from many different sources that are often difficult to identify.​

• ​Principal Water Pollutants There are many different kinds of water pollutants, both natural and man-made. Agriculture, forestry, grazing, septic systems, recreational boating, industry, urban run-off, constructions, physical changes to stream channels, and habitat degradation can all be sources of pollution.

• Wastewater is water that contains waste from homes or industry - Wastewater is filtered and treated to make the water clean enough to return to a river, lake, or oceans. In many rural areas, homes may have individual septic systems.

• The solid material that remains after wastewater treatment is sewage sludge. Sludge is often incinerated, and the ash is buried in a landfill. When sludge contains dangerous concentrations of toxic chemicals, it must be disposed of as hazardous waste.

• Lakes and slow-moving streams containing an abundance of nutrients, are eutrophic - When eutrophication is accelerated because of inorganic plant matter it is called artificial eutrophication. Excess phosphorus in fertilizers can cause the excessive growth of algae (algal blooms). Fish and other organisms suffocate in the oxygen-depleted water caused by algal blooms.

• Thermal pollution can occur when power plants and other industries use water in their cooling systems and then discharge the warm water into a lake or river - causes large fish kills.

• Pollutants usually enter groundwater when polluted surface water percolates down from the earth’s surface. Pesticides, herbicides, chemical fertilizers, leaking underground storage tanks, and petroleum products are common groundwater pollutants.

• Pollutants are often dumped directly into the oceans, but at least 85% of ocean pollution comes from activities on land - In many coastal areas, dead zones exist, where excess nutrients from runoff have caused low oxygen levels.

• Biomagnification is the buildup of pollutants in tissues of animals through the food-chain. Soil tainted with pesticides washes into the river and settles to the bottom. Some of the pesticides are stored in the tissues of bottom-dwelling organisms.​​

Multiple Select

A rapid growth of algae could lead to -

(Check 2 that apply)

• A reduction of oxygen levels in the water.

• Water that can support more life.

• Waters that are devoid of life.

• An increase in oxygen levels.

Multiple Choice

Lakes and slow-moving streams that contain an abundance of nutrients, are termed -

• eutrophic

• euphoria

• europe

• eutrophonic

Multiple Choice

Artificial eutrophication, causing the excessive growth of algae (algal blooms), is a result of _________ entering the water courses?

• fertilizers

• CFCs

• Ozone

• oil

Multiple Choice

Point-source pollution is pollution discharged from a single source - can often be identified and traced to a source.

Which of the following is a 'point-source' pollutant?

• chemicals run-off from road surfaces (salts, deicers)

• run-off of fertilizers from residential lawns

• unlined landfills

• acid precipitation

Multiple Choice

Nonpoint-source pollution, also known as run-off pollution, comes from many different sources that are often difficult to identify.

Which of the following NOT a 'nonpoint-source' pollutant?

• chemicals run-off from road surfaces (salts, deicers)

• run-off of fertilizers from residential lawns

• leaking underground storage tanks

• acid precipitation