Jan. 3 AP Psych Learning

Open Ended

List two skills that you learned easily and quickly. How did you learn those skills? Why were they easy to learn?

Open Ended

List two skills that were difficult to learn. Why were they difficult?

Open Ended

What environmental stimulus have created an automatic physical response in you? (explain the stimulus and the response)

CLASSICAL

CONDITIONING

Learning: Any relatively
permanent change in behavior
brought about by experience or
practice

●

Associative learning: learning
that certain events occur
together. Our minds naturally
connect events that occur in
sequence.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Behaviorists: Believed psychology
should be the study of observable
behavior& all learning occurs
through interactions with the
environment

●

John B. Watson founded the
psychological field of
behaviorist

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Classical Conditioning: Forming an
association between two stimuli resulting in
a learned response, we learn to anticipate
events

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Ivan Pavlov: Russian
physiologist who discovered the
learning process now known as
classical conditioning

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

●Pavlov noticed that dogs began to
salivate as soon as they saw food

●Pavlov designed a series of experiments
in which he used various sound objects,
such as a buzzer, to condition the
salivation response in dogs

●The dogs had learned to associate the
sound of the buzzer with being fed

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Neutral Stimulus (NS):

Produces no effect until paired
with an unconditioned stimulus

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

The Neutral Stimulus (NS) is the ringing of the bell

Unconditioned Stimulus (US or UCS):

A stimulus (UCS) is one that

unconditionally, naturally, and automatically
triggers an unconditioned response or reflex

●Usually a biologically significant
stimulus such as food or pain

●You don't have to learn to respond to
the unconditioned stimulus
The Unconditioned Stimulus (UC/UCS) is the food

because it naturally triggers a response. This response
requires no learning, it simply happens automatically.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Unconditioned Response (UCR/ UR):

An unlearned response that occurs naturally

in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus

●The response occurs naturally and
automatically and requires no prior
learning

●Unconditioned=Unlearned
The Unconditioned Response (UR/ UCR) is the dogs

salivating in response to the food.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Conditioned Stimulus (CS):
The conditioned stimulus is a

previously neutral stimulus that,

after becoming associated with the
unconditioned stimulus, eventually

comes to trigger a conditioned

response

The Conditioned Stimulus (CS) is the bell after
repeatedly pairing the food with the sound of a

bell, the dogs would begin to salivate to the sound

alone.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Conditioned Response (CR):

The conditioned response is the learned

response to the previously neutral

stimulus

●Learned response

●The conditioned response will only
occur after an association has been
made between an unconditioned
stimulus and a conditioned stimulus

The Conditioned Response (CR) is the dog salivating at the

tone of the bell even though there is no food present.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Match

Match the following definitions with the terms

• Produces no effect until paired with an unconditioned stimulus

• happens naturally, and automatically triggers an unconditioned response or reflex

• is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus

• a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response

• An unlearned response that occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus

Neutral Stimulus

Unconditioned Stimulus

Conditioned Response

Conditioned Stimulus

Unconditioned Response

• Neutral Stimulus

• Unconditioned Stimulus

• Conditioned Response

• Conditioned Stimulus

• Unconditioned Response

Match

Match the following of Pavlov's Dog Conditioning Technique

• Bell (before it's paired)

• Food

• Salivation (paired)

• Bell (after it is paired)

• Salivation (happens naturally)

Neutral Stimulus

Unconditioned Stimulus

Conditioned Response

Conditioned Stimulus

Unconditioned Response

• Neutral Stimulus

• Unconditioned Stimulus

• Conditioned Response

• Conditioned Stimulus

• Unconditioned Response

PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION

(N) ____________ + (UCS) ____________ = (UCR) ___________

(CS) _____________ = (CR) _____________

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Bell

Food

Salivation

Bell

Salivation

Can you get Pavlov's dog to drool?

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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Draw

What is the conditioned response to buzzer from Jim's computer?

Open Ended

What is the neutral stimulus in that clip?

Open Ended

What is the unconditioned stimulus from that clip?

PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION

(N) ____________ + (UCS) ____________ = (UCR) ___________

(CS) _____________ = (CR) _____________

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Tone

Mint

Bad Taste

Tone

Bad Taste

“Little Albert” Experiment:
Watson was interested in examining
the effects of conditioning on the fear
response in humans

●

A rat was paired repeatedly with
loud, scary sounds (hammer on a
metal bar), the child would cry
when the rat was present

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

●

They were also able to
demonstrate that this fear could
be generalized to other white,
furry objects including Watson in
a Santa Claus mask

●

The ethics of the experiment are
often criticized today, especially
because the child's fear was
never deconditioned

In 2009, researchers were able to identify Little Albert as a
boy named Douglas Merritte.the researchers found that the

child died at the age of six of hydrocephalus, a medical

condition in which fluid builds up inside the skull.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Show clip from “The Brain a Secret
History - episode 2) - dailymotion

Acquisition:

Initial stage of learning when a
response is first established and
gradually strengthened

●

Contiguity: The CS needs to
come half a second before the
US for acquisition to occur

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Higher-Order Conditioning

“Second Order Conditioning”:

A conditioning experience is
paired with a new neutral
stimulus, creating a second
(often weaker) conditioned
stimulus

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Extinction: The occurrences of a conditioned response decreases or

disappears

Spontaneous Recovery: Refers to the return of a previously
extinguished conditioned response following a rest period

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Stimulus Generalization: To evoke
a similar responses to other similar
stimuli

Stimulus Discrimination: The
ability to differentiate between
stimuli

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Taste Aversion: The avoidance of a
certain food following a period of
illness after consuming that food

John Garcia (Garcia Effect) studied radiation effects in rats,

initial exposure to flavored water followed by a toxic reaction to

radiation made rats averse to the water. Radiation made the
rats feel sick and the sickness was paired with the taste of the
flavored water. The animals were then conditioned to avoid

foods paired with a previously aversive taste.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Multiple Choice

Which of the following scenarios best matches classical conditioning?

• Bob studied for his math test for two hours and only got a C, so he decided to study more for the next test.

• Bob skipped class last week and had to stay after for detention. He decided not to skip classes anymore.

• Bob ate a cheeseburger and felt sick afterwards, so every time he smells McDonalds he feels nauseous.

• Bob has always been afraid of dogs because they might bite, so he has a pet fish instead.

Multiple Choice

When you hear a song that makes you feel nostalgic, what are you experiencing?

• unconditioned response

• unconditioned stimulus

• discrimination

• spontaneous recovery

Multiple Choice

Little Albert began to associate any small, fluffy object with the loud sound. What is this describing?

• discrimination

• extinction

• generalization

• counterconditioning

Multiple Choice

What was Ivan Pavlov originally studying when he discovered classical conditioning?

• how dogs' digestive systems work

• how dogs react to bells and food

• how dogs respond to new smells

• how dogs' appetites can be controlled

Multiple Choice

When Becca was a kid, she fell out of a treehouse and broke her arm. Now, she feels scared of heights. In this scenario, which of the following is the unconditioned response?

• heights

• breaking an arm

• fear

• falling out of the treehouse

Multiple Choice

If a caveman starts to fear big furry animals that growl (like a lion) but knows not to be afraid of a small furry animal (like a mouse), what survival adaptation is occurring?

• taste aversion

• extinction

• generalization

• discrimination

Multiple Choice

In Pavlov's experiment, what is the bell/ticking sound?

• unconditioned stimulus

• unconditioned response

• conditioned stimulus

• conditioned response

Multiple Choice

The best synonym for conditioning is...

• forgetting

• learning

• flooding

• responding

Multiple Choice

Which of the following adaptations based on classical conditioning can occur after only one experience (one trial?)

• spontaneous recovery

• taste aversion

• extinction

• discrimination

Multiple Choice

"All pizza is good pizza." - This quote most resembles what?

• taste aversion

• conditioned stimulus

• flooding

• generalization

Multiple Choice

In the Little Albert experiment, what went from being a neutral stimulus to a conditioned stimulus over time?

• crying

• loud sound

• fear

• fluffy objects

Multiple Choice

In Pavlov's experiment, dogs eventually drooled just by hearing a tone. In this experiment, what is the conditioned response?

• food

• tone

• eating

• drooling

OPERANT

CONDITIONING

Operant Conditioning: Method
of learning that occurs through
rewards and punishments for
behavior

●

Reward = Strengthening
Behavior

●

Punishment = Diminish
Behavior

Operant referred to any behavior that acts on
the environment and leads to consequences

OPERANT CONDITIONING

B.F. Skinner:

Founder of modern behavioral
perspective, research on operant
conditioning & schedules of
reinforcement

●

He was interested in how the
consequences of people's
actions influenced their
behavior.

OPERANT CONDITIONING

Skinner Box: The chamber contained a bar

that the animal could press in order to

receive a reward

Edward Thorndike’s

Law of Effect:

Actions that are followed by
desirable outcomes are more likely
to be repeated while those
followed by undesirable outcomes
are less likely to be repeated

●

Thorndike’s discovery
influenced the development of
operant conditioning

Thorndike utilized what is known as puzzle
boxes to study how animals learn. The boxes
were enclosed but contained a small lever
that, when pressed, would allow the animal

to escape.

OPERANT CONDITIONING

Reinforcing Stimulus

(Reinforcement):

Reinforcement is any event that
strengthens or increases the
behavior it follows

OPERANT CONDITIONING

Positive (+) Reinforcement:

Response or behavior is
strengthened by adding a
pleasant reinforcing stimulus

Examples:
●

Getting dessert after eating
your vegetables

OPERANT CONDITIONING

Negative (-) Reinforcement:

Response is strengthened by the
removal of something considered
unpleasant

●

EX: You put up an umbrella to
avoiding getting wet in the
rain

OPERANT CONDITIONING

OPERANT CONDITIONING

Punishing Stimulus

(Punishment):

Consequence that decreases the
likelihood of a behavior occurring
again

OPERANT CONDITIONING

Positive (+) Punishment:

Presents an unfavorable event or
outcome in order to weaken the
response it follows

●

EX: An employee's
inappropriate behavior at work
stops after being criticized by
a supervisor

OPERANT CONDITIONING

Negative (-) Punishment:

Occurs when a favorable event or
outcome is removed after a
behavior occurs

●

EX: Losing your driver's license
after getting a DUI

OPERANT CONDITIONING

Schedules of Reinforcement:

A pattern that defines how often a
desired response will be reinforced

Continuous Reinforcement:

Desired behavior is reinforced each
and every time it occurs, used to

teach a new behavior

Partial (Intermittent)

Reinforcement:

The response is reinforced only

part of the time

OPERANT CONDITIONING

REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES

Fixed:

Number of behaviors or length of

time is constant

Variable:

Number of behaviors or length of

time varies

REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES

Ratio:

Amount of Responses

Interval:

Length of time

Fixed-Ratio:

Response is reinforced only after a
specific number of responses

EX: You get a Free Coffee after
buying 9 and getting your loyalty
card punched.

OPERANT CONDITIONING

REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES

Variable-Ratio Schedules:

Response is reinforced after an
unpredictable number of
responses

EX: A person plays the lottery in
hopes of winning.

REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES

Fixed-Interval Schedules:

The first response is rewarded only
after a specified amount of time
has elapsed

●

EX: Getting a Paycheck every
two weeks.

REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES

Variable-Interval Schedules:

Occur when a response is
rewarded after an unpredictable
amount of time has passed

●

EX: Checking your cell phone
for text messages when your
phone is on silent.

REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES

OBSERVATIONAL/

COGNITIVE LEARNING

Observational Learning:

The process of learning through
watching others, retaining the
information, and then later
replicating the behaviors that were
observed.

●

Observational learning is
sometimes also referred to as
shaping, modeling, and
vicarious reinforcement

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

Mirror Neurons: Nervous system cells that fire both when an
organism itself is doing a behavior and also when observing another
organism doing the behavior

●

Mirror neurons “mirror” what is happening in the environment

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

Albert Bandura
The Bobo Doll:

Bandura demonstrated that young
children would imitate the violent
and aggressive actions of an adult
model

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

●Children observed a film in which an adult
repeatedly hit a large, inflatable balloon
doll. After viewing the film clip, children
were allowed to play in a room with a real
Bobo doll just like the one they saw in the
film

●Children were more likely to imitate the
adult's violent actions when the adult
either received no consequences or when
the adult was actually rewarded for their
violent actions

●Children who saw film clips in which the
adult was punished for this aggressive
behavior were less likely to repeat the
behaviors later on

Children see, children do? Children who
often experience physical punishment

tend to display more aggression

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

According to Bandura's research,
there are a number of factors that
increase the likelihood that a
behavior will be imitated

1.

Authoritative Figure

2.

Role Model

3.

People who are similar to us and
receive rewards

4.

Situation is confusing or
unfamiliar/ we lack confidence

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

Cognition in Conditioning:

Researchers believe that
conditioning involves high
cognitive function and information
processing

There is more to learning than
associating a response with a

consequence; there is also cognition

COGNITION IN CONDITIONING

COGNITIVE LEARNING

Latent Learning:One can learn
something but not show the
behavior right away

●

Children will learn by
watching but demonstrate it
at a later date, when the
learned material is needed

●

Cognitive map- a mental
representation

Edward Tolman research

attempted to teach rats to run a

maze

COGNITIVE LEARNING

Insight Learning
Wolfgang Kohler:

A sudden realization of the problem’s solution that “just came to you”

“Light Bulb”

●Sultan, was given two sticks in his cage with bananas placed outside the cage just

beyond the reach of each stick. After trying each stick unsuccessfully, Sultan fashioned

the two sticks together to pull the bananas into his cage successfully

COGNITIVE LEARNING

Martin Seligman:

Investigate dogs in a cage with a
partially electrified floor. Dogs who
in previous experiments had been
able to control the shock by
pressing a working lever learned to
jump over the barrier to escape the
shock

●

Other dogs learned that
nothing they did mattered, so
they would just become
helpless

COGNITION IN CONDITIONING

COGNITIVE LEARNING

Learned Helplessness:

The organism becomes helpless
because they have learned that,
regardless of their actions, they
have no ability to change the
outcome

COGNITIVE LEARNING

Three Types of Learning

●

Classical Conditioning- We learn to
associate stimuli that frequently
happen together

●

Operant Conditioning- We learn to
repeat acts that bring rewards and
avoid acts that bring consequences

●

Observational Learning- We learn
new behaviors by watching others

Learning

Classical Conditioning

VS

Operant Conditioning Review

Directions: Reach each scenario
and determine if it is Classical
Conditioning or Operant
Conditioning.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING