Enzyme

​ENZYMES

BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS

1. Describe the role of enzymes in metabolic pathways

2. Describe the components of an enzyme.

3. Explain how enzymes function as molecular catalysts

ENZYMES ARE BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

ENZYMES ARE BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS

Metabolism is a term that is used to describe all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of the cells and the organism.

TWO CATEGORIES:

• Anabolism uses energy to grow and build.

• Catabolism uses energy to break down large molecule. 

CHEMICAL REACTIONS (METABOLISM)

ENZYMES ARE BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS

(CATABOLIC)

(ANABOLIC)

The Chemical Reaction is REVERSIBLE.

• Many chemical reactions can be speeded up by substances called catalysts.

• A catalyst alters the rate of a chemical reaction, without being changed itself.

What is meant by the term CATALYST?

ENZYMES ARE BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS

Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the reaction rate of biochemical reactions lowering activation energy.

What are enzymes?

Multiple Choice

The sequence of amino acids is known as a proteins...

• Primary structure

• Secondary structure

• Tertiary structure

• Quaternary structure

Multiple Choice

Which type of bond holds the secondary structures of proteins in place?

• Hydrogen

• Ionic

• Disulphide bonds

• Hydrophobic interactions

Multiple Choice

Enzymes are responsible for

• speeding up reactions.

• giving the body energy.

• slowing down reactions.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are necessary for many cellular reactions?

• Enzymes supply the oxygen necessary for the reactions.

•  Enzymes change reactants from solid to liquids during the reactions.

• The reactions take up too much space in the cell if the enzymes are missing.

• The reactions are too slow to meet the needs of the cell if enzymes are missing.

Activation Energy

​What is meant by the activation energy of an enzyme and how does the presence of an enzyme affect it?

Activation Energy

​What is meant by the activation energy of an enzyme and how does the presence of an enzyme affect it?

The minimum energy required to cause a process (such as a chemical reaction) to occur.

​Enzymes catalyze reactions by weakening the chemical bonds, which lowers the activation energy.

Multiple Choice

What is a substance called if it speeds up a chemical reaction?

• reusable

• catalyst

• specific

• fragile

Multiple Choice

An enzyme ________ the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur.

• decreases

• increases

• increases then decrases

Multiple Choice

Which color line represents a reaction with an enzyme present?

• purple

• red

• both

All enzymes are GLOBULAR PROTEINS.

ENZYMES ARE BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS

STRUCTURE OF AN ENZYME

Properties:

• compact,

• spherical, and

• soluble in water because of its hydrophilic trait

• ACTIVE SITE

ENZYMES ARE BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS

STRUCTURE OF AN ENZYME

​An active site is a region on the surface of an enzyme to which substrates will bind and catalyses a chemical reaction.

The active site consists of just 3 to 4 amino acids.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following structures forms the shape of an enzymes active site?

• Primary structure

• Secondary structure

• Tertiary structure

Multiple Select

Which of the following are properties of globular proteins?

• Insoluble in water

• Soluble in water

• Compact

• Spherical

Multiple Choice

Which type of protein are enzymes?

• Globular

• Fibrous

• Linear or Chain

Multiple Choice

How many amino acids typically make up the active site of an enzyme?

• 1-2

• 3-4

• 5-6

• 7-8

ENZYMES ARE BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS

PROPERTIES OF AN ENZYME

• ​Enzymes are made inactive by high temperature.

• Enzymes work best at a particular temperature.

​Enzymes work consistently until they are dissolved, or become denatured. When enzymes denature, they are no longer active and cannot function.

• DENATURATION

ENZYMES ARE BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS

PROPERTIES OF AN ENZYME

​What is meant by the activation energy of an enzyme and how does the presence of an enzyme affect it?

• ​Enzymes work best at a particular pH.

• Enzymes are reusable.

• Enzymes are specific.

​*Structure = Function: Enzymes are specific to their Substrate (reactants).

-

*Active site of the enzymes fits together with the substrate(s).

-

*Different reactions require different enzymes.

Multiple Choice

Which enzyme is most efficient in a basic solution?

• A

• B

• C

Multiple Choice

What happens when enzymes are heated to a high temperature?

• The enzymes die.

• The shapes of the enzyme are altered, denature.

• The enzymes' amino acid sequence changes.

• The enzymes remain the same.

Multiple Choice

Which of these is most likely an enzyme?  

• Sucrose

• Galactose

• Fructose

• Amylase

ENZYMES ARE BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS

NAMING ENZYMES

​What is meant by the activation energy of an enzyme and how does the presence of an enzyme affect it?

• ​Enzymes are named according to the reaction that they catalyse.

  • For example:

    • carbohydrates = carbohydrases

    • proteins = proteases

    • lipids = lipases.

• Sometimes, they are given more specific names:

  • For example:

    • amylase breaks starch

    • maltase breaks maltose

    • sucrase breaks sucrose

ENZYMES ARE BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS

Can you name the enzyme?

​What is meant by the activation energy of an enzyme and how does the presence of an enzyme affect it?

MATCH A WITH B (Letter Only)

A

B

​	​They are involved in catalysis where substrates are ligated and the bonds that exist between carbons and other molecules due to condensation reactions.	​A. OXIDOREDUCTASES
​	​Catalyze reactions that transfer functional groups within a molecule so that isomeric forms are produced.	​B. TRANSFERASES
​	Catalyze reactions that involve hydrolysis. It usually involves the transfer of functional groups to water.	​C. HYDROLASES
​	​Catalyze group transfer reactions. The transfer occurs from one molecule that will be the donor to another molecule (acceptor).	​D. ISOMERASES
​	​Catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions where electrons are transferred. These electrons are usually in the form of hydride ions or hydrogen atoms.	E. LIGASES

ENZYMES ARE BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS

Can you name the enzyme?

​What is meant by the activation energy of an enzyme and how does the presence of an enzyme affect it?

MATCH A WITH B (Letter Only)

A

B

​E	​They are involved in catalysis where substrates are ligated and the bonds that exist between carbons and other molecules due to condensation reactions.	​A. OXIDOREDUCTASES
​D	​Catalyze reactions that transfer functional groups within a molecule so that isomeric forms are produced.	​B. TRANSFERASES
​C	Catalyze reactions that involve hydrolysis. It usually involves the transfer of functional groups to water.	​C. HYDROLASES
​B	​Catalyze group transfer reactions. The transfer occurs from one molecule that will be the donor to another molecule (acceptor).	​D. ISOMERASES
​A	​Catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions where electrons are transferred. These electrons are usually in the form of hydride ions or hydrogen atoms.	E. LIGASES

ENZYME MODELS

​What is meant by the activation energy of an enzyme and how does the presence of an enzyme affect it?

ENZYME MODELS

​What is meant by the activation energy of an enzyme and how does the presence of an enzyme affect it?

​

​

ENZYME MODELS

​What is meant by the activation energy of an enzyme and how does the presence of an enzyme affect it?

​

​

LOCK & KEY MODEL

INDUCED-FIT MODEL

Multiple Choice

The enzyme and substrates have

• adverse shapes

• complementary shapes

• contrary shapes

• similar shapes

Multiple Choice

How does an enzymes shape relate to its function?

• the shape of the enzyme has no relation to its function

• the enzyme is shaped specially for certain substrates to perform a specific reaction

• the enzyme shape acts as a receptor to certain products

• the enzyme shape can fit into specific substrates to cease a reaction

The molecules that bind to the enzyme.

SUBSTRATE

The location where they bind (sit down)

ACTIVE SITE

COMPONENTS OF AN ENZYME

ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX

After the enzyme and substrate actually bind

After the enzyme and substrate initial reaction.

ENZYME-PRODUCTS

COMPLEX

PRODUCTS

​The substrate may break apart or bond together to form a product.

Multiple Choice

The specific location where the substrates bind to the enzyme is called the

• specific site

• appropriate site

• active site

• ignition site

Multiple Choice

E is/are the ____

• Enzyme-Substrate Complex

• Enzyme-Products Complex

• Substrate

• Products

Multiple Choice

C is the ___

• Enzyme-Substrate Complex

• Enzyme-Products Complex

• Substrate

• Products

Multiple Choice

D is the ___

• Enzyme-Substrate Complex

• Products

• Enzyme

• Substrate

ENZYMES ARE BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS

TOOTHPICKASE

​Every person should have a handful of toothpicks in front of them

1. ​You will break as many as you can in 10 seconds using either your right or left hand.

2. After 10 seconds, count the number of toothpicks you're able to break.

ENZYMES ARE BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS

TOOTHPICKASE

QUESTIONS:

​What was the enzyme?

ENZYMES ARE BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS

TOOTHPICKASE

QUESTIONS:

​What was the enzyme?

What was the substrate?

ENZYMES ARE BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS

TOOTHPICKASE

QUESTIONS:

​What was the enzyme?

What was the substrate?

What was the product?

ENZYMES ARE BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS

TOOTHPICKASE

QUESTIONS:

​What was the enzyme?

What was the substrate?

What was the product?

How were you acting like an enzyme?

MECHANISM OF ENZYME ACTION

E + S <-----> ESC ------> E + P(s)

The enzymatic reaction takes place by binding of the substrate with the active site of the

enzyme molecule by several weak bonds.

ENZYMES ARE BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS

​What is the first step in the enzyme catalyzed reaction?

1. Describe the role of enzymes in metabolic pathways

2. Describe the components of an enzyme.

3. Explain how enzymes function as molecular catalysts

ENZYMES ARE BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS

DID WE..?

​1	2	3​	4​	5​	6​	7​
​RYE	​JERRY	​VEA	​REIN	​RAYNE	​JAY	​JC
​HEATHER	​GIA	​CJ	​STEF	​AA	​CHRIS	​ALLY
​SHANN	​ROE	​LIAH	​RICCI MAE	​MARCO	​HANNAH	​SHEY
​AYNA	​RED	​OWEN	​JAN	​	MIGUEL	​
​BIN	RICCI ANNE	KATE	​	​	CLAIRE	​

ENZYME CATALASE LAB GROUPINGS

Schedule: Jan 11 & 12

Note: ODL students you have option to perform the lab activity at home.

ENZYMES ARE BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS

BRING PER GROUP ON WEDNESDAY