Growth and Expansion Part 3

Growth and Expansion

Unity and Sectionalism

National Unity

HOW DID THE COUNTRY CHANGE AFTER THE WAR OF 1812?
 With the end of the War of 1812, the intense, or very strong, divisions

that once split the nation seemed gone.
 In its place was a feeling of unity.
 In the 1816 presidential election, James Monroe, the Republican candidate,

faced no serious opposition.
 The Federalists, weakened by the doubts about their loyalty during the war, barely

survived as a national party.

 A Boston newspaper called this time the Era of Good Feelings.

 Monroe was a living, breathing symbol of this mood.

 He had been involved in national politics since the American Revolution, and still

dressed like one from that era.

 He represented a united country, free from political strife.

Multiple Choice

Which President embodied the symbol of the Era of Good Feelings?

• Madison

• Lincoln

• Monroe

• Adams

National Unity

• The outgoing president, James Monroe, expressed a since of nationalism,

or strong loyalty to the nation, in his last message to Congress.
• He urged the federal government to guide the growth of trade and industry.

• Henry Clay’s American System

• Henry Clay, a Republican and speaker of the house, proposed a nationalist

program to help the nation grow.

• Clay’s American System aimed to help the economy in each section of the country

and increase the power of the federal government.
• Clay called for higher tariffs, a new Bank of the United States, and internal improvements

like roads, bridges, and canals.

Multiple Choice

What is a strong loyalty to ones nation called?

• Pride

• Nationalism

• Direct Feeling

• Statehood

National Unity

 Henry Clay’s American System cont.

 Not all congressional leaders agreed with Clay.

 Congress did not spend a lot of money on the internal improvements, however,

other parts of the American System did become law.

 The Second Bank of the United States

 The charter for the First Bank of the United States expired in 1811, and

Congress let the bank die.
 In 1816 the Republican majority in Congress brought the national bank back to life.

 President Madison signed the bill creating the Second Bank of the United States.

 After the first bank closed, many state banks acted unwisely.

Multiple Choice

What did Congress not spend a lot of money on?

• Economy

• Religion

• Education

• Internal Improvements

National Unity

• The Second Bank of the United States cont.

• These state banksmade too many loans and allowed too much money into

circulation.

• These actions allowed too much money into circulation, which led to inflation, or a

rise in the prices of goods.
• As prices rose, American families could buy less and less with each dollar.

• The absence of a national bank also meant the federal government had no place to

keep its funds.

• The Second Bank of the United States restored order to the money supply,

helping American businesses to grow.

• Competition From Britain

• Another challenge facing the economy was a flood of British goods following the

War of 1812.

Multiple Choice

What is it called when there is a rise in prices for goods?

• Base Cuts

• Deflation

• Taxes

• Inflation

National Unity

• Competition From Britain cont.

• British factories often had more advanced technology and methods than

American factories.

• Because of this, the British turned out goods of higher quality and at a lower price

than goods made in the U.S.
• Because of this, Americans bought the British goods, and Britain flooded America with them.

• New Tariffs

• American manufactures called for high tariffs to protect their industries.

• To address this problem, Congress passed the Tariff of 1816.

• Unlike tariffs in the past that were meant to stir up income for the federal government, this

one was designed to protect American manufactures from foreign competition by placing
high taxes on imports.

Multiple Choice

To address the American manufactures call for high tariffs, what did Congress pass?

• Tariff of 1816

• Tariff of 1919

• Tariff of 1744

• Tariff of 1556

National Unity

• New Tariffs cont.

• Merchants who paid the tariff on imported goods simply added the cost of the

tariff to their prices.

• This encouraged people to buy the cheaper, American goods.

• When Congress passed protective tariffs in 1818 and 1824 that were higher than

the Tariff of 1816, some Americans protested.

• The Southerners were especially angry because the felt that the tariff protected the

Northern manufacturers at their expense.
• The South had few factories and only saw this as being higher prices for the goods they had

to buy.

• Growing Sectionalism

• The tariff dispute showed a growing sectionalism, or rivalry based on the special

interests of different areas.

Multiple Choice

What is it called where there is rivalry based on special interests in different areas?

• Rivalism

• Nationalism

• Sectionalism

• Communism

National Unity

 Growing Sectionalism cont.

 Such differences had existed since colonial times.

 However, recently they were growing sharper, and will soon bring an end to the Era

of Good Feelings.

 In the early 1800s, three distinct sections developed in the U.S., the North,

the South, and the West.
 The North

 Included New England and the Mid-Atlantic states

 The South

 Covered what is now the Southeast

 The West

 Included an area between the Mississippi River and the Appalachian Mountains.

 Geography, economics, and history all contributed to sectional differences

and differing ways of life in the U.S.
 As the differences grew deeper, many believed that this sectionalism might divide

the nation.

Multiple Select

In the early 1800s, which THREE sections of the U.S. saw development?

• North

• South

• East

• West

National Unity

 Growing Sectionalism cont.

 Each section of the country had a strong voice in Congress in the early 1800s.

 Daniel Webster (Massachusetts)

 Protected the interests of New England

 Henry Clay (Kentucky)

 Represented the West

 John C. Calhoun (South Carolina)

 Spoke for Southern interests

 Each leader, although a nationalist, remained concerned with protecting the

interests of his own section.

 Nationalism and the Supreme Court

 In three decisions in the early 1800s, the Supreme Court backed the powers

of the national government over the states.
 During this time, John Marshall was Chief Justice .

Multiple Select

What is the name of the THREE members of Congress that defended the interests of their section of the U.S.?

• Bernie Sanders

• Daniel Webster

• Henry Clay

• John Calhoun

National Unity

• Nationalism and the Supreme Court cont.

• In the case of Fletcher v. Peck in 1810, the Court ruled that courts could not

declare acts of a state government void id they violated provisions of the
Constitution.

• In 1819, the Court decided in the case McCulloch v. Maryland, that the state of

Maryland could not tax the local office of the Bank of the United States because
it was the property of the national government.

• Allowing such a tax, the Court said, would give states too much power over the

national government.

• The Court also ruled that the national bank was constitutional, even though the

Constitution did not specifically give Congress the power to create a bank.

Multiple Choice

In McCulloch v. Maryland, it was decided that the state of Maryland could not tax the local office of what?

• Post Office

• Bank of the United States

• IRS Office

• Law Enforcement

National Unity
 Nationalism and the Supreme Court cont.

 Marshall observed that the Constitution specifically gave Congress the power

to issue money, borrow money, and collect taxes.
 Congress could also do what they deemed “necessary and proper” to carry out

those powers.

 In 1824 the Court again ruled in favor of federal government power in Gibbons

v. Ogden.
 The state of New York had granted a monopoly, which is a market where there is

only one provider, to a steamship operator running ship between New York and
New Jersey.
 Under New York’s law, no other operator could run steamboats on the same route.

 The Supreme Court said that only Congress had the power to make laws

governing interstate commerce, or economic activity between the states.

Multiple Choice

What is it called where a market only has one provider?

• Secionalism

• Monopoly

• Clue

• Scrabble

National Unity
 Missouri Statehood

 In 1819 the Missouri Territory asked Congress for admission as a state.

 Most Missouri settlers had come from Kentucky and Tennessee, which allowed

slavery.
 They believed it ought to be illegal in Missouri.

 Representative James Tallmadge proposed that Missouri gradually abolish slavery in

order to be admitted into the Union.
 The House passed it, however, the Senate blocked it.

 At the time, the population in the North was slightly larger than the slaves

states of the South.
 The North had 105 members in the House of Representatives, while the South had

81 members.
 Representation in the Senate was deadlocked at 11 states each, however, Missouri as a free

state would put the South in the minority.

Multiple Choice

Which territory asked Congress in 1819 for admission as a state?

• Louisiana

• Missouri

• Texas

• California

National Unity

 The Missouri Compromise

 Debates in Congress heated to the boiling point.

 Fearing a split in the Union, Henry Clay suggested the Missouri Compromise.

 He proposed that Maine enter the Union as a free state and Missouri would enter in as a

slave state.
 By doing this, it would keep the balance.

 This would also address the question of slavery in the rest of the Louisiana

Purchase territory.
 The compromise drew a line west from the southern boundary of Missouri, at 36

Degrees N Latitude.
 The compromise blocked slavery north of the line but permitted it to the south of it.

 The Missouri Compromise provided only a temporary solution.

 The Americans moving West took their ways of life with them.

 This disagreement will be one where there is no peaceful solution.

Multiple Choice

What did Henry Clay suggest, due to him fearing a split in the Union?

• Capitol Relocation

• Treaty of Paris

• Missouri Compromise

• Treaty of Greenville

Missouri Compromise

Multiple Choice

What state was labeled as Indian Territory at the time of the signing of the Missouri Compromise?

• Texas

• Oklahoma

• Kansas

• Missouri

Foreign Affairs

• Relations with Britain

• In the 1817 Rush-Bagot Agreement, the U.S. and Britain agreed to limit the

number of armed naval vessels on the Great Lakes.

• Each country was to take apart or destroy other armed ships on the Great Lakes.

• The Convention of 1818 set the northern boundary of the Louisiana Territory

between the U.S. and Canada at the 49th Parallel.

• The convention also created a secure border, where each country agreed to maintain

its border without armed forces.
• Secretary of State John Quincy Adams also negotiated the right of Americans to settle in the

Oregon Country.

Multiple Choice

Where was the northern boundary of the Louisiana Territory set at the Convention of 1818?

• 13th Parallel

• 33rd Parallel

• 51st Parallel

• 49th Parallel

Foreign Affairs

• Relations with Spain

• Spain owned the colonies of East Florida and West Florida.

• In 1810 American settlers in West Florida rebelled against Spanish rule.

• The U.S. government then argued that West Florida was included in the Louisiana Purchase.

•In 1810 and 1812, the U.S. took control of sections of West Florida.

• The territory claimed by the U.S. reached west to the borders of Louisiana and

Mississippi.

• Spain objected to losing part of West Florida but took no action against the U.S.

Multiple Choice

Who owned the colonies of East and West Florida?

• Spain

• Britain

• France

• Portugal

Foreign Affairs

• Relations with Spain cont.

• Native Americans living in Spanish East Florida sometimes raided American

settlements in Georgia.

• General Andrew Jackson was ordered to stop these Seminole raids.

• He believed this order also meant pursuing the Seminoles into the Florida colonies.

• In the Spring of 1818, General McIntosh led Creek allies against the Seminoles in

Georgia.
• Meanwhile, Jackson followed fleeing Seminoles into Spanish West Florida.

•After pursuing the Seminoles into West Florida, Jackson continued on, seizing Spanish forts at
Pensacola and San Marcos.

• Secretary of State Adams had not authorized Jackson’s actions, but he did nothing to

stop them or to punish Jackson.

Multiple Choice

Who was ordered to stop the Seminole raids and followed them into Spanish West Florida?

• Ulysses Grant

• George Washington

• Andrew Jackson

• Theodore Roosevelt

Foreign Affairs

• Relations with Spain cont.

• Jackson’s raid demonstrated American military strength compared to that of

Spain.

• Adams believed that the Spanish did not want war and wanted to settle the dispute.

• Adams was correct, and in 1819, the Adams-Onis Treaty was passed.

• In it, Spain ceded, or gave up control of, all claims and ownership to both East and

West Florida.

• They also gave up ownership to Oregon Country in the Pacific Northwest.

• Spain Loses Power

• Meanwhile, Spain was losing power elsewhere in its vast empire.

Multiple Choice

What is it called when one gives up control of claims to land?

• Forfeit

• Disburse

• Ceded

• Violate

Foreign Affairs

• Spain Loses Power cont.

• In 1810, a priest named Miguel Hidalgo led a rebellion in Mexico.

• He wanted racial equality and the redistribution of land.

• The Spanish captured and executed Hidalgo, but by 1821 Mexico had gained its

independence from Spain.

• Simon Bolivar, also known as “The Liberator”, led the independence movement

that won freedom for the present-day countries of Venezuela, Columbia,
Panama, Bolivia, and Ecuador.

• Jose de San Martin successfully achieved independence for Chile and Peru.
• By 1824 Spain had lost control of most of South America.

Multiple Choice

Who led a rebellion in Mexico in 1810?

• Miguel Hidalgo

• Simon Bolivar

• Jose de San Martin

• The Liberator

Foreign Affairs

• The Monroe Doctrine

• In 1822four European nations (France, Austria, Russia, and Prussia) discussed a

plan to help Spain regain its American holdings.

• President Monroe was troubled by the possibility of an increased European

involvement in America, as well as, Russia’s intentions for controlling land in the
Northwest.

• The president issued a statement, which will be known as the Monroe Doctrine,

on December 2, 1823, that the U.S. would not get involved in the internal affairs
or wars in Europe.

• It will serve as a guiding force in American foreign policy for decades.

Multiple Choice

What was issued that stated that the United States would not get involved in the internal affairs or wars in Europe?

• Jay's Treaty

• Constitution

• Monroe Doctrine

• Bill of Rights

Foreign Affairs

• Monroe Doctrine cont.

• It would also not interfere with any existing European colonies in the Americas.

• It stated that North and South America, “are henceforth not to be considered as

subjects for future colonization by any European powers”.