Africa History Remediation H1bc

History Remediation H1 a

a. Explain how the European partitioning across Africa contributed to conflict, civil war, and artificial political boundaries in Africa today.

History Remediation H1 a

As European imperialism spread across the globe, competition for African land increased.

This fight over land is commonly referred to as the Scramble for Africa (1881-1914). They wanted to spread their religion, gain natural resources, and look powerful. (3 Gs.)

As European countries faced increasing conflicts amongst themselves over the land, they agreed to the Berlin Conference (1884-1885).

Unsurprisingly, African leaders were not invited to the Berlin Conference. The pre-existing cultural, linguistic, and political landscapes of Africa were ignored to the future detriment of many. As when slicing a cake, European leaders divided Africa in the most convenient way for them. These new partitions even combined rival groups in the same colonies.

Multiple Choice

What phrase is used to describe the period of time when the major powers of Europe began conquering Africa?

• Scramble for Africa

• Age of Exploration

• Evolution of Europe

Multiple Choice

There were no ethnic conflicts in Africa after the Europeans arrived.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Dividing up something (land)

• Partitioning

• Artificial Boundaries

• Christianizing

Multiple Choice

True or False: Europeans divided Africa according to natural resources and did not consider the people of Africa.

• True

• False

Multiple Select

(select all that apply)

The European division of Africa caused:

• Tribal conflicts

• Civil war

• Desire for independence

• Economic inequality

• Long-lasting peace

Multiple Choice

What two European countries gained the most land in Africa during the time of Imperialism?

• Spain and Germany

• Great Britain and France

• United States and Great Britain

• China and Japan

Multiple Choice

The purpose of the Berlin Conference was to discuss:

• World issues and conflicts

• The best trade routes from Germany

• America’s independence from Britain

• The partitioning of Africa

History Remediation H1 b

Explain how the Pan-African movement and nationalism led to independence in Kenya, and Nigeria.

Africa before Independence Movements

After the Berlin Conference Europeans colonized parts of Africa. Some countries were able to gain independence in the 1960s.

There was a movement that encouraged many African countries and people to work together-- it was the Pan African Movement.

This movement that called for African people and nations to work together for independence, a shared African identity, and unity.

Multiple Choice

Emphasized the unity and strength of Africans on the continent and people of African descent around the world is called ______________?

• Pan Africanism

• Nationalism

• Civil War

• Independence Movement

Multiple Choice

. 

The main goal of Pan-Africanism was to...

• End any support for the African National Congress

• Get all Africans to become members of the United Nations.

• Immediately overthrow all the ruling governments in Africa.

• Get Africans to think of themselves as one people and work together.

Two Cases: Nigeria and Kenya

Though their routes to independence differed, both Kenya and Nigeria had a lead of intellectuals whose nationalistic ideas were closely related to Pan African ones.

Pan-Africanism was a movement led by intellectuals which inspired pride in African heritage and encouraged all Africans and those of African ancestry to identify with a single homeland, identity, and destiny. These guiding principles encouraged Africans to unite against European colonizers, found independent countries, and create a modern identity for all Africans.

Kenyans chose the faster and more violent route. The Mau Mau Movement banded ethnic groups across Kenya to work together to overthrow the British rule-- with violence.

Kenya: Killed

Nigeria chose the peaceful and longer route. They used negotiations, protests, and marches. They worked together with the British colonizers to create a constitution for their new country. There was a peaceful transfer of power.

Nigeria: negotitiated

Independence Tactics

Fill in the Blanks

Kenya

to get their independence from Great Britain.

Multiple Choice

In order to establish their own government, Nigerians used tactics like:

• Peaceful protests, marches, and negotiation.

• violently overthrowing the British government.

• stalling as they wrote the constitution until they got their way.

Multiple Choice

How did Pan African ideas help guide both Nigeria and Kenya to their eventual independence?

• The idea to see themselves as a individuals allowed them to highlight differences and work their own way to independence.

• The idea to see themselves as a collective African identity allowed them to put personal differences aside and work together for independence.

H1 c

Explain the creation and end of apartheid in South Africa and the roles of Nelson Mandela and F.W.de Klerk.

Beginnings of Apartheid

• From the 1600s European settlers made their way to colonize South Africa. By the 1900s, the British were in control.

• In 1948, a new political party, the National Party, came to power and voted to implement a series of restrictive segregationist laws, known collectively as apartheid.

Apartheid

•Apartheid was a social and political policy of racial segregation and discrimination. The goal was to keep the white minority in power.

•In Afrikaans (the language of white South Africans), apartheid means “apartness”.

•It separated South Africa into whites and non-whites, restricting where Black South Africans could live, work, travel, sit, go to the bathroom, eat, etc.

•Under apartheid, Black South Africans could not vote or participate in government.

•In the 1950s, the African National Congress, or ANC, began to actively fight apartheid.

•The goal of the ANC was to increase rights of native Africans, although the group had no real power in government.

•Apartheid allowed many whites to grow wealthy and powerful, while millions of Black South Africans suffered.

Living Under Apartheid and Standing up Against it

Multiple Choice

What is Apartheid?

• It is a type of political protest that allows people to stay apart from one another.

• It is a system of racial segregation used to keep whites in power.

• It is a way that the British government of South Africa created equal opportunities for the native South Africans.

ANC and Mandela

•Eventually, the ANC was declared illegal by the South African government and members were often arrested.

•Mandela became a prominent member of the ANC and participated in numerous ANC-led protests against apartheid.

• He focused on using peaceful protests though some turned violent at the hands of the white police like the Sharpeville Massacre.

• In 1962, Mandela was captured and accused of sabotage and plotting to overthrow the government. He was sentenced to life in prison.

Multiple Choice

Why did Nelson Mandela go to jail?

• He fought for white South African rights.

• He fought for Black South African rights.

• He killed someone at the Sharpeville Protest.

De Klerk x Mandela

•In 1989, F.W. de Klerk came to power in South Africa and began to break down the apartheid laws.

•de Klerk lifted the ban on the ANC and announced that Mandela would be released from prison.

•In 1990, Mandela was pardoned by de Klerk and became a free man after serving 27 years in prison.

The End of Apartheid

•President de Klerk worked from within the government to end apartheid, while Mandela resumed his position as president of the ANC, and worked to end apartheid from the outside.

•In 1993, de Klerk and Mandela shared the Nobel Peace Prize for moving the country peacefully to a nonracial democracy.

•In 1994, South Africa held its first election open to all races.

•Nelson Mandela was elected the first black president of South Africa.

Multiple Choice

How did Mandela and de Klerk work together to abolish (end) apartheid in South Africa?

• Mandela worked on the outside of the government with the ANC, protesting and marching, while de Klerk took down the apartheid laws from within the government.

• de Klerk worked on the outside of the government with the ANC, protesting and marching, while Mandela took down the apartheid laws from within the government.

• They both held hand in public to show the country that all people of South Africa must work together to end apartheid.