Unit 5 CA Review

Thinking and Intelligence

OpenStax Psychology Resource

Multiple Choice

The brain’s ability to think, perceive, plan, analyze, and remember.

• intelligence

• cognition

• perception

• sensation

What is cognition?

• Cognitive psychology is the study of cognition,

• Cognition is the brain’s ability to think, perceive, plan, analyze, and remember.

• Concepts and their corresponding prototypes help us quickly organize our thinking by creating categories into which we can sort new information.

Multiple Choice

Clusters of related concepts.

• congition

• thinking

• schemata

• routines

Schemata

• Clusters of related concepts.

• Some schemata involve routines of thought and behavior, and these help us function properly in various situations without having to “think twice” about them.

• Schemata show up in social situations and routines of daily behavior.

Multiple Choice

This occurs naturally and effortlessly in early stages of life.

• intelligence

• cognition

• speech

• language acquisition

Language

• Communication system that has both a lexicon and a system of grammar.

• Language acquisition occurs naturally and effortlessly during the early stages of life, and this acquisition occurs in a predictable sequence for individuals around the world.

• Language has a strong influence on thought, and the concept of how language may influence cognition remains an area of study and debate in psychology.

• https://youtu.be/pOVbCoWTuOE

Multiple Select

Typical problem solving techniques include

• trial and error

• heuristics

• road blocks

• algorithms

Problem Solving

• Many different strategies exist for solving problems.

• Typical strategies include trial and error, applying algorithms, and using heuristics.

• To solve a large, complicated problem, it often helps to break the problem into smaller steps that can be accomplished individually, leading to an overall solution.

• Roadblocks to problem solving include a mental set, functional fixedness, and various biases that can cloud decision making skills.

• https://youtu.be/bOpf6KcWYyw

Multiple Choice

Many theorist believe intelligence is broken into many factors.

• true

• false

Intelligence and creativity

• Intelligence is a complex characteristic of cognition. 

• Sternberg generated his triarchic theory of intelligence.

• Gardner posits that intelligence is comprised of many factors.

• Still others focus on the importance of emotional intelligence.

• Creativity seems to be a facet of intelligence, but it is extremely difficult to measure objectively.

• https://youtu.be/9xTz3QjcloI

Multiple Choice

Intelligence tests are accurate and reliable for all people.

• true

• false

Measures of Intelligence

• Intelligence tests began in earnest with Binet.

• Wechsler later developed intelligence tests that are still in use today: the WAIS-IV and WISC-V.

• The Bell curve shows the range of scores that encompass average intelligence as well as standard deviations.

• https://youtu.be/lXKWkwBWpXw

Multiple Choice

Nature and nurture impact intelligence.

• True

• False

Source of Intelligence

• Genetics and environment affect intelligence and the challenges of certain learning disabilities.

• The intelligence levels of all individuals seem to benefit from rich stimulation in their early environments.

• Highly intelligent individuals, however, may have a built-in resiliency that allows them to overcome difficult obstacles in their upbringing.

Learning Disabilities

• Learning disabilities can cause major challenges for children who are learning to read and write.

• Unlike developmental disabilities, learning disabilities are strictly neurological in nature and are not related to intelligence levels.

• Students with dyslexia, for example, may have extreme difficulty learning to read, but their intelligence levels are typically average or above average.

Multiple Choice

The human capacity for storing long term memories is

• essentially unlimited.

• roughly equal to seven units of information.

• typically much greater in young children than in adults.

• greatly reduced after people reach the age of 65.

• enhanced through hypnosis.

Multiple Choice

Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called ________ memory.

• short-term

• implicit

• mood-congruent

• explicit

• automatic

Multiple Choice

Which type of memory integrates new incoming knowledge with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory?

• semantic memory

• working memory

• proactive memory

• implicit memory

• iconic memory

Multiple Choice

Your memory of which of the following is an example of implicit memory?

• What you talked to your friend about in the hall yesterday

• The need to spend time reviewing for the upcoming psychology test

• Which way to turn the car key to start the engine

• That George Washington was the first president

• How exciting it was to get the best birthday present ever

Multiple Choice

Which type of memory would be stored in long-term memory?

• flashbulb memory

• iconic memory

• echoic memory

• working memory

• sensory memory

Multiple Choice

Being able to read this question effortlessly highlights the importance of

• implicit memory.

• flashbulb memory.

• automatic processing.

• the spacing effect.

• short-term memory.

Multiple Choice

By presenting research participants with three rows of three letters for only a fraction of a second, Sperling demonstrated that people have _______ memory.

• echoic

• flashbulb

• state-dependent

• iconic

• implicit

Multiple Choice

The tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than massed study is known as

• the serial position effect.

• state-dependent memory.

• the spacing effect.

• long-term potentiation.

• chunking.

Multiple Choice

Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the

• hippocampus

• cerebellum

• hypothalamus

• motor cortex

• corpus callosum

Multiple Choice

Which of the following conditions causes difficulty recalling subsequent life events?

• repression

• retrograde amnesia

• anterograde amnesia

• state-dependent memory

• encoding failure

Multiple Choice

What is infantile amnesia likely a result of?

• encoding errors

• shortened iconic memories

• an underdeveloped hippocampus

• birth trauma

• lack of life experience

Multiple Choice

The body's release of stress hormones facilitates

• the spacing effect.

• retroactive interference.

• implicit memory.

• misinformation effect.

• flashbulb memories.

Multiple Choice

An increase in a neuron's firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as

• chunking.

• the serial position effect.

• automatic processing.

• long-term potentiation.

• proactive interference.

Multiple Choice

When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being used?

• reconstruction

• recognition

• rehearsal

• recall

• relearning

Multiple Choice

When someone mentions Ivy League colleges, Trisha immediately thinks of Harvard University. In this instance, Harvard University is a

• fixation.

• algorithm.

• heuristic.

• prototype.

• mental set.

Multiple Choice

Logical, methodical step-by-step procedures for solving problems are called

• heuristics.

• semantics.

• prototypes.

• algorithms.

• fixations.

Multiple Choice

In trying to solve a potentially complicated problem quickly, we are most likely to rely on

• prototypes.

• heuristics.

• phonemes.

• algorithms.

• framing.

Multiple Choice

A mental set is a

• methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems.

• mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people.

• tendency to approach a problem in a way that has been successful in the past.

• group of conclusions derived from certain assumptions or general principles.

• specific ways an issue is described that can significantly alter decisions.

Multiple Choice

Jerome's 4-year-old grandson is constantly moving, causing him to mistakenly assume the boy is hyperactive. Jerome's thinking best illustrates

• belief perserverance.

• the availability heuristic.

• the representativeness heuristic.

• fixation.

• the framing effect.

Multiple Choice

News coverage of abducted children may lead parents to experience exaggerated fears of letting their children walk to school. The exaggerated fears best illustrate the impact of

• fixation.

• critical periods.

• the framing effect.

• the availability heuristic.

• belief perserverance.

Multiple Choice

A $100 coat marked down from $150 can seem like a better deal than the same coat priced regularly at $100. This best illustrates the importance of

• belief perseverance.

• confirmation bias.

• framing.

• the availability heuristic.

• heuristics.

Multiple Choice

When Fred pronounced the words "this" and "that", he noticed they share a common

• prototype.

• phenotype.

• morpheme.

• algorithm.

• phoneme.