Industrialization and Nationalism Part 4

Industrialization and Nationalism

Romanticism and Realism

Romanticism
• At the end of the eighteenth century, a new intellectual movement, known as

romanticism, emerged as a reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment.

• The Enlightenment has stressed reason as the chief means for discovering truth.

• The romantics emphasized feelings, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing.

• The romantics believed that emotion and sentiment were only understandable

to the person experiencing them.

• In their novels, romanticwriters created figures who were often misunderstood and

rejected by society but who continued to believe in their own worth through their inner
feelings.

• Romantics also valued individualism, the belief in the uniqueness of each

person.

• Many Romantics rebelled against middle class conventions.

•Male Romantics grew long hair and beards and both men and women wore outrageous clothes to
express their individuality.

• Many romantics had a passionate interest in the past ages, especially the

medieval era.

• They felt it had a mystery and interest in the soul that their own industrial age did

not.
• Romantic architects revived medieval styles and built castles, cathedrals, city halls,

parliamentary buildings, and even railway stations in a style called Neo-Gothic.
•The British Houses of Parliament in London are a prime example of this architectural style.

Multiple Choice

What intellectual movement emerged in the eighteenth century?

• Baroque

• Realism

• Romanticism

• Abstract

Multiple Select

What THREE things did Romantics emphasize as sources of knowing?

• Feelings

• Emotions

• Hate

• Imagination

Romanticism

• Romanticism in Art and Music

• Romantic artists shared at least two features.

• First, to them, all art was a reflection of the artist’s inner feelings.

• A painting should mirror the artist’s vision of the world and be the instrument of the artist’s

own imagination.

• Second, romantic artists abandoned classical reason for warmth and emotion.

• Eugene Delacroix was one of the most famous romantic painters from France.

• His paintings showed two chief characteristics: a fascination with the exotic and a

passion for color.
• His works reflect his belief that “a painting should be a feast to the eye.”

• Many of Delacroix’s paintings depicted scenes of uprisings against tyrants.

• His most influential work is perhaps Liberty Leading the People.

• In this painting, a woman holding a red banner is the symbol of liberty.

•She is leading revolutionaries forward during battle.
• After his travels to Spain and North Africa, Delacroix painted the animals he had seen there.

• The Lion Hunt is a good example of his later subjects.

• In music, too, romantic trends dominated the first half of the nineteenth

century.

• One of the most famous composers of this era was Ludwig van Beethoven.

• Some have called him a bridge between classical and romantic music.

•Others argue that he was such a rare genius he cannot be easily classified.

Multiple Select

What are the TWO features of Romantic artists?

• Art was a reflection of the artist's inner feelings

• The desire to prove was was real

• Abandonment of classical reason for warmth and emotion

• Leaving all past art styles behind

Multiple Choice

Who was one of the most famous composers from the Romantic period?

• Bach

• Beethoven

• Mozart

• Stravinsky

Eugene Delacroix

Open Ended

What do you like or dislike about this work?

Romanticism

• Romanticism in Art and Music Cont.

• Beethoven’s early work fell largely within the classical form of the eighteenth

century.

• However, his Third Symphony embodied the elements of romanticism with powerful

melodies that created dramatic intensity.

• In one way, Beethoven was definitely a Romantic.

• He thought of himself as an artist, not a craftsman.

• He had an intense and difficult personality, but was committed to writing music that

reflected his deepest feelings.
•“I must write, for what weighs on my heart, I must express.”

• Romanticism in Literature

• Like the visual arts, the literary arts were deeply affected by Romanticism and

reflected a romantic interest in the past.

• Sir Walter Scott’s Ivanhoe, FOR EXAMPLE, a bestseller in the early 1800s, told of

clashes between knights in medieval England.
• Many romantic writers chose medieval subjects and created stories that expressed their

strong nationalism.

Multiple Choice

Which of Beethoven's work embodied the elements of Romanticism with powerful melodies that created

• Third Symphony

• Fourth Symphony

• Fifth Symphony

• Sixth Symphony

Multiple Choice

What is the name of Sir Walter Scott's story he wrote in the early 1800s?

• Don Quixote

• Two Towers

• White Fang

• Ivanhoe

Romanticism

• Romanticism in Literature Cont.

• An attraction to the exotic and unfamiliar gave rise to Gothic literature.

• Chilling examples are Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein in Britain and Edgar Allen Poe’s

short stories of horror in the United States.
• Some romantics even sought the unusual in their own lives.

•They explored their dreams and nightmares and sought altered states of consciousness.

• For the true romantic, poetry was the ideal art form.

• The romantics viewed poetry as the direct expression to one of the most important

characteristics of romanticism-its loveof nature.
• Romantics believed that nature served as a mirror into which humans could look to learn

about themselves.
•This is especially evident in the poetry of William Wordsworth, the foremost English romantic poet of
nature.
• Wordsworth’s experience of nature was almost mystical:

“One impulse from a vernal wood
May teach you more of man,
Or, moral evil and of good,
Then all the sages can”

Multiple Choice

For the true romantic writer, what was the ideal art form?

• Poetry

• Fiction

• Non-Fiction

• Biography

Romanticism

• Romanticism in Literature Cont.

• The worship of nature also caused Wordsworth and other romantic poets to be

critical of eighteenth-century science, which, they believed, had reduced nature
to a cold object of study.

• To Wordsworth, the scientists’ dry, mathematical approach left no room for the

imagination or for the human soul.

• The human soul was a source of expression for William Blake, a poet and artist,

connected with romanticism.

• Blake’s Songs of Innocence, read in conjunction with his Songs of Experience, express

what Blake called “the two contrary states of the human soul.”

• Many romantics were convinced that industrialization would cause people to

become alienated from their inner selves and from the natural world.

• This idea shows up in Mary Shelley’s novelFrankenstein: When science dares to try

and conquer nature, a monster is created.

Multiple Choice

According to Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, when science dares to try and conquer nature, what is created?

• Beauty

• Destruction

• Monster

• Tyranny

A New Age of Science
• The Scientific Revolution had created a modern, rational approach to the study

of the natural world.

• For a long time, only the educated elite understood its importance.

• With the Industrial Revolution, however, came a heightened interest in scientific research.

•By the 1830s, new discoveries in science had led to many practical beliefs that affected all Europeans.
• Science came to have a greater and greater impact on people.

• New Discoveries

• In biology, the Frenchman Louis Pasteur proposed the germ theory of disease,

which was crucial to the development of modern scientific medical practices.

• In chemistry, the Russian Dmitry Mendeleyev in the 1860s classified all the material

elements then known on the basis of their atomic weight.
• In Great Britain, Michael Faraday put together a primitive generator that laid the

foundation for the use of electric current.

• Dramatic material beliefs such as these led Europeans to have a growing faith in

science.

• This faith, in turn, undermined the religious faith of many people.

• It is not accident that the nineteenth century was an age of increasing secularization,

indifference to or rejection of religion in the affairs of the world.
•For many people, truth was now to be found in science and the concrete material existence of
humans.

Multiple Choice

What was crucial to the development of modern scientific medical practices?

• Surgery Studies

• Germ Theory of Disease

• Study of the Natural World

• Dissection of the Deceased

A New Age of Science

• Charles Darwin

• More than anyone else, it was Charles Darwin who promoted the idea that

humans are material beings who are part of the natural world.

• In 1859, Charles Darwin published his book On the Origin of Species by Means of

Natural Selection.
• The basic idea of this book was that each species, or kind, of plant and animal had evolved

over a period of time from earlier, simpler forms of life.
•Darwin called this principle organic evolution.

• According to Darwin, in every species, “many more individuals of each species

are born than can possibly survive.”

• This results in a “struggle for existence”.

• Darwin believed that some organisms are born with variations, or differences, that make

them more adaptable to their environment that other organisms, a process that Darwin
called natural selection.

• Those organisms that are naturallyselected for survival (“survival of the

fittest”)reproduce and thrive.

• The unfit do not survive, and the fit survive and pass on the variations that enabled

them to survive until a new, separate species emerges.
• In The Descent of Man, published in 1871, Darwin argued that human beings had animal

origins and were not an exception to the rule governing other species.

Multiple Choice

Who promoted the idea that humans are material beings who are part of the natural world?

• Isaac Newton

• Benjamin Franklin

• Marie Curie

• Charles Darwin

A New Age of Science

• Charles Darwin Cont.

• Darwin’s ideas raised a storm of controversy.

• Some people did not take his ideas seriously.

• Other people objected that Darwin’s theory made human beings ordinary products of

nature rather than unique creations of God.
•Others were bothered by his idea of life as a mere struggle for survival.
• “Is there a place in the Darwinian world for moral values?” they asked.

• Some believers felt Darwin had not acknowledged God’s role in creation.

• Some detractors scorned Darwin and depicted him unfavorably in cartoons.

• Gradually, however, many scientists and other intellectuals came to accept Darwin’s

theory.
• His theory changed thinking in countless fields from biology and anthropology.

Multiple Choice

Darwin's study of what became controversial?

• Human Beings

• Mammals

• Insects

• Fish

Realism
• The belief that the world should be viewed realistically, a view frequently

expressed after 1850, was closely related to the scientific outlook.

• In politics, Bismarck had practiced the “politics of reality”.

• In the literary and visual arts, realism became a movement as well.

• Realism in Literature

• The literary realists of the mid-nineteenth century rejected Romanticism.

• They wanted to write about ordinary characters from life, not romantic heroes in

exotic settings.
• They also tried to avoid emotional language by using precise description.

•They preferred novels to poems.

• Many literary realists combined their interest in everyday life with an

examination of social issues.

• These artists expressed their social views through their characters.

• The French author Gustave Flaubert, who was a leading novelist of the 1850s and 1860s,

perfected the realist novel.
•His work Madame Bovary presents a critical description of small-town life in France

• In Great Britain, Charles Dickens became a huge success with novels that

showed the realities of life for the poor in the early Industrial Age.

• Novels such as Oliver Twist and David Copperfield created a vivid picture of the

brutal life of London’s poor, as well as of their humor and humanity.
• In fact, his characters were so sympathetic that they helped inspire social reform.

Multiple Choice

Which author became famous with novels that showed the realities of life for the poor in the early Industrial Age?

• Gustave Flaubert

• J.R.R. Tolken

• Charles Dickens

• Oscar Wilde

Realism

• Realism in Art

• In art, too, realism became dominant after 1850.

• Realist artists sought to show the everyday life of ordinary people and the worldof

nature with photographic realism.

• The French painter Gustave Courbet was the most famous artist of the realist

school.

• He loved to portray scenes from everyday life.

• His subjects were factory workers and peasants.

•“I have never seen either angels or goddesses, so I am not interested in painting them,” Courbet
once commented.

• There were those who objected to Courbet’s “cult of ugliness” and who found

such scenes of human misery scandalous.

• To Courbet, however, no subject was too ordinary, too harsh, or too ugly.

Multiple Choice

What art style sought to show the everyday life of ordinary people?

• Baroque

• Mannerism

• DaDa

• Realism

Gustave Courbet

Open Ended

What is going on in the art work on the left? What makes this piece different from art movement of the past?