Combined (Waves, Earthq & Waves, Cont Drift, Plates, & R.Datin

Waves

Wave

a disturbance that transfers ENERGY without transferring matter.

Multiple Choice

Waves transfer

• Matter

• Energy

• Particles

• Water

There are two types of waves:

1.) Mechanical waves: require a medium (matter) to travel.

2.) Electromagnetic (EM) waves: do NOT require a medium to travel.

1. Mechanical Waves

a. ) Transverse: particles move perpendicular (+) to the direction the wave travels.

Ex: ocean waves

b.) Longitudinal (compressional): particles move parallel (=) to the direction the wave travels.

Ex: sound waves

Multiple Choice

An ocean wave is an example of...

• a transverse mechanical wave

• a longitudinal mechanical wave

Multiple Choice

A wave whose particles move parallel to the direction the wave travels is a...

• transverse mechanical wave

• longitudinal mechanical wave

2.) Electromagnetic (EM) Waves

A waves that does NOT require a medium (matter to travel), has an electric field component and a magnetic field component.

Travels at the speed of light 3.0 x 10⁸ m/s in a vacuum.

Ex: Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible Light, Ultraviolet,

X-rays, and Gamma Rays

Multiple Select

Which waves require a medium (matter) to travel?

• Radio waves

• Ocean waves

• Sound Waves

• X-Rays

• Visible Light

Characteristics of Waves

Characteristics

Transverse waves:

Crest: highest point of a wave


Trough: lowest point of a wave

Multiple Choice

Which letter is represents the crest?

• A

• B

• C

• D

• E

Characteristics continued...

Longitudinal waves

Compression: region where particles are closest together

Rarefaction: region where particles are farthest apart

Characteristics continued...

Wavelength (λ): the distance from any point on a wave to an identical point on the next wave.

Amplitude: the distance the particles in a medium move away from their resting position. 

HIGHER AMPLITUDE = HIGHER ENERGY

Multiple Choice

Which letter is represents amplitude?

• A

• B

• C

• D

• E

Open Ended

Given what you have just learned, why are tsunamis so dangerous?

Multiple Select

Which points represent one wavelength? Select all that apply.

• E --> J

• D--> I

• B --> E

• A --> D

• A --> F

Characteristics continued...

Period (T): The time required for one wavelength.

Frequency (f): The number of cycles in a given amount of time (usually 1 second). Measured in Hertz (Hz).

HIGHER FREQUENCY = HIGHER ENERGY

Frequency and Wavelength Relationship

Frequency and wavelength are INVERSELY related....

low frequency = long wavelength

high frequency = short wavelength

Multiple Choice

A wave with a high frequency has...

• a long wavelength

• a short wavelength

Multiple Choice

Waves with the highest energy have...

• short wavelength, high frequency, and large amplitude

• long wavelength, low frequency, and short amplitude

Unit 4 Lesson 6 Measuring Earthquake Waves

How are seismic waves used to study Earthquakes?

By the end of this lesson, you should be able to understand how seismic waves are useful in determining strength, location, and effects of an earthquake.

Multiple Choice

True or False: Earthquakes often occur along faults.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

True or False: Earthquakes produce two main kinds of seismic waves.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

True or False: More than one kind of scale can be used to measure the magnitude of an earthquake.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

True or False: Older buildings tend to withstand earthquakes better than newer buildings.

• True

• False

Open Ended

This seismogram shows the progression of an earthquake. How might this graph indicate the strength of an earthquake?

-Blocks of Earth's lithosphere break to form faults.

-Faults are stressed through plate motion

-When stress becomes to great the rock "snaps" to its undeformed shape.

-Energy is released into the rock as waves.

​

What happens during an earthquake?

-Focus - the location along a fault where the first motion takes place.

-Epicenter - the point on the surface directly above the focus.

-Seismic waves are vibrations that cause different types of ground motion.

​

​Energy is released as seismic waves

Open Ended

How are the ripples that are moving through the water in this pond similar to seismic waves that travel through the Earth?

How are they different?

What are the different kinds of seismic waves?

​There are mainly two kinds of seismic waves - body waves and surface waves. Each kind of wave travels in different ways and at different speeds. The speed of the wave depends on the material it travels through!

​Surface Waves

​Body Waves

P Waves= Primary waves

The first kind of body wave is the P wave or primary wave. This is the fastest kind of seismic wave, and, consequently, the first to 'arrive' at a seismic station. The P wave can move through solid rock and fluids, like water or the liquid layers of the earth. It pushes and pulls the rock it moves through just like sound waves push and pull the air. 

S Waves=Secondary Waves

The second type of body wave is the S wave or secondary wave, which is the second wave you feel in an earthquake. An S wave is slower than a P wave and can only move through solid rock, not through any liquid medium.

Love Wave

The first kind of surface wave is called a Love wave, named after A.E.H. Love, a British mathematician who worked out the mathematical model for this kind of wave in 1911. It's the fastest surface wave and moves the ground from side-to-side.

Rayleigh Waves

The other kind of surface wave is the Rayleigh wave, named for John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh, who mathematically predicted the existence of this kind of wave in 1885. A Rayleigh wave rolls along the ground just like a wave rolls across a lake or an ocean.

Multiple Choice

This is known as the sudden shaking of the ground and known as the sources of seismic waves.

• earthquake

• tsunami

• flood

• typhoon

Multiple Choice

Which type of wave arrives first during an earthquake?

• Primary (p-wave) waves

• Secondary (s-wave) waves

• Rayleigh Waves

• Love Waves

Multiple Choice

Earthquakes happen when two large pieces of Earth's crust suddenly slip or break. Which of these could be caused by an earthquake?

• building damage

• tsunami

• landslide

• all of these

Earthquakes

Seismograph

•An instrument that
measures and records
details of earthquakes

•Determines the strength
and the duration of an
earthquake

•Seismogram – the record
produced by the
seismograph

•Seismologist – a scientist
who studies earthquakes

© Kesler Science, LLC

Earthquakes

Determining the
Epicenter

•Scientists use a method
called triangulation.

•It takes 3 seismographs to
locate the epicenter.

•You must determine the
distance each station is
from the earthquake and
draw a circle around each
using the distance as the
radius.

Where the

3 circles
intersect

is the

epicenter.

© Kesler Science, LLC

Earthquakes

Measuring
Earthquakes

•Moment Magnitude Scale:
most commonly used scale
to measure the amount of
damage and strength of an
earthquake

•Numbered from 1-10

•Each increase in magnitude
is actually 32 times greater
in release of energy than
the previous magnitude

•The Richter scale is
outdated and no longer
used, but often referenced

Comparing Magnitudes

• Moment Magnitude tells how much energy is released

  • Each one point on the scale is 32x larger than the point before

    • Magnitude 6 is 32x larger than Magnitude 5

  • Most Earthquakes are below Magnitude 5 and cause little damage

  • Only three Earthquakes have ever gone above magnitude 9

    • December 2004: Magnitude 9.2 in Sumatra

Grade 8 Ohio| Lesson 4.1

The Modified Mercalli Scale

• Measures the amount of shaking

  • Rated by peoples observations w/o any scientific instruments

    • Useful in areas that don't have the ability to build or store those machines

• Has twelve stages shown in Roman Numerals​

Grade 8 Ohio| Lesson 4.1

The Richter Scale

• Magnitude: a single number geologists assign to an Earthquake based on it's size

• The Richter Scale is the earliest magnitude scale

  • Rates earthquakes based on the size of waves recorded by seismographs

  • Uses multiple seismographs since waves energy decreases the farther out from the epicenter

• Moment Magnitude Scale: rates the total energy released by an earthquake

  • This is the number used in news reports

Grade 8 Ohio| Lesson 4.1

How is an Epicenter Located?

Grade 8 Ohio| Lesson 4.1

Multiple Choice

Which Scale uses only people observations to describe an Earthquake

• The Modified Mercalli Scale

• The Richter Scale

• The Shake Rattle n'Roll Scale

• The Magnitude of Movement Sc

Multiple Choice

True or False: P waves can become surface waves when they reach the Earth's Surface

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

True or False: Geologists can pinpoint the epicenter of an Earthquake from Just two seismographs

• True

• False

What factors determine the effects of an earthquake?

​-Magnitude

-Local Geology

-Distance from the epicenter

-Building Construction

CONTINENTAL

DRIFT

PowerPoint Presentation

Puzzling Coastlines

More than 300 years ago, mapmakers produced the first
world maps. While viewing the maps, the noticed some
continents appeared to fit together like pieces of a jigsaw
puzzle. What do you see?

Pangaea Animation

Click to watch video!

Alfred Wegener

A German scientist and
meteorologist, Alfred
Wegener, noticed
that the coastlines of
particularly South
America and Africa fit
very closely.

1880-1930

Continental Drift

• All continents were once joined

together to form a supercontinent

• He named the supercontinent

Pangaea, meaning all land

• Pangaea began breaking up into

smaller continents and drifted
apart about 200 million years ago

In 1915, Wegener proposed his radical theory
of continental drift:

Multiple Choice

When did Alfred Wegener propose his radical theory about continental drift?

• 1821

• 1915

• 1928

• 1965

Multiple Select

What 2 continents did Wegener notice seemed to fit very closely together?

• Africa

• South America

• North America

• Europe

Fill in the Blank

What did Wegener call the original supercontinent?

The

Breaking

Up of

Pangaea

Multiple Choice

When did Pangea start breaking up?

• Around 400 million years ago

• Around 350 million years ago

• Around 225 million years ago

• Around 150 milion years ago

Evidence for Continental Drift

Alfred Wegener presented
a variety of evidence to
support his hypothesis of
continental drift.
• Similar plant and

animal fossils

• Matching rock types

and mountain chains

• Glacial evidence

Matching Fossils

Fossil evidence for continental drift
includes several of the same organism’s
fossils were found on different landmasses.
• Wegener reasoned that these organisms

could not have crossed the vast ocean
presently separating the continents

• At this time many scientists believed

there were land bridges connecting the
continents, but no signs of land bridges
have ever been found

Matching Fossils

cynognathus

lystrosaurus

mesosaurus

Matching Fossils

Multiple Select

Check all the true statements about fossil evidence.

• Fossil evidence for continental drift includes several of the same organism’s fossils were found on different landmasses.

• Wegener reasoned that these organisms could not have crossed the vast ocean presently separating the continents

• Fossils of the fern Glossopteris indicate all the southern continents were once joined

• There is evidence that there were once land bridges between these continents

Matching Rock Types

Matching rock types in
several mountain belts that
today are separated by
oceans provided evidence
for continental drift.
• Ex. The Appalachian

mountains in coastal North
America are similar in age
and structure as those
found in the British Isles
and Scandinavia.

Multiple Select

Check all that are true about rock evidence.

• Matching rock types are found in several mountain belts that are not connected today.

• The Appalachian mountains in on the east coast of north america are similar in age and structure to those found in the British Isles and Scandinavia.

• The composition of the mountain ranges that seem to match up are actually very different.

Glacial Evidence

Wegener found glacial deposits showing that
between 220 million and 300 million years ago,
ice sheets covered large areas of the Southern
Hemisphere.
• Deposits of glacial till (sediment) occurred at

latitudes that today have temperate and
tropical climates:
• Southern Africa
• South America
• India
• Australia

Glacial Evidence
Glaciers cause grooves in the
Earth’s bedrock as they move
outward.

Grooves and rock deposits left by ancient glaciers are found today on different continents very close to the equator.

Wegener thought that the glaciers were centered over the South Pole and the continents moved to their present positions
later on.

Multiple Select

Check all the statements that are true regarding glacial evidence.

• Wegener found glacial deposits showing that between 220 million and 300 million years ago, ice sheets covered large areas of the Southern Hemisphere.

• Deposits of glacial till (sediment) occurred at latitudes that today have temperate and tropical climates:

• Grooves and rock deposits left by ancient glaciers are found today on different continents very close to the equator.

• Wegener thought that the glaciers were centered over the South Pole and the continents moved to their present positions later on.

Rejection of Wegener’s Hypothesis

Wegener’s hypothesis was rejected by
most other scientists.
• He could explain and provide

evidence that Pangaea once
existed, however he could not
describe a mechanism capable of
moving the continents.
• He could not explain how or why

continents move.

• Scientists who rejected Wegener and

refused to believe that the continents
drifted were referred to as Fixists.

Multiple Choice

True or False - Alfred Wegener's hypothesis about Continental Drift had so much evidence to support it and made so much sense that it was immediately accepted by most other scientists.

• True

• False

Plate Tectonics

Many years later, with new sonar technology, Harry
Hess was able to map the ocean floor using SONAR.
• Earthquake and magnetic field data were also now

available.

• By 1967, these findings led to a new theory called

Plate Tectonics which proved that Wegner was
correct that the continents move.

• Sea-floor spreading was causing

the plates to move.

• Sadly, Wegener was not alive long

enough to see his contributions
come to fruition

Drag and Drop

Once ​

Placeholder

technology was developed, a scientist named ​

Placeholder

was able to map the ocean floor. Earthquake and ​

Placeholder

field data also became available. These new finding supported the original hypothesis by​

Placeholder

. By 1967 this led to the theory of ​

Placeholder

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

sonar

Harry Hess

magnetic

Alfred Wegener

Plate tectonics

Tectonic Plates

Start Part 2

Drag and Drop

Which type of crust is denser? ​

Placeholder

Which type of crust is thicker?​

Placeholder

Which type of crust is mostly basaltic rock? ​

Placeholder

Which type of crust is mostly granite?​

Placeholder

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

Oceanic

Continental

Dropdown

If continental and oceanic crust are forced together the ​ ​

Select answer

crust ​

Select answer

because it is more dense and the ​ ​

Select answer

crust ​

Select answer

higher because it is less dense and thicker.

Plate Motion & Convection Currents

In the mantle, convection currents churn the molten rock material, moving the tectonic plates.

• A convection current is the continuous flow that occurs in a fluid because of differences in density

• Cool material is denser and sinks

• Warm material is less dense and rises

Mantle Convection

Multiple Select

Check all that are true about a convergent plate boundary.

• 2 plates collide

• It is destructive

• can produce trenches and volcanoes

• can produce mountain ranges

Multiple Choice

When an oceanic and continental plate collide, magma may reach the surface and form a

• oceanic volcanic arc

• continental volcanic arch

Drag and Drop

When a continental and oceanic plate meet at a tectonic boundary the ​

Placeholder

plate is forced under the ​

Placeholder

plate. Another way to say that is - the ​

Placeholder

plate is ​

Placeholder

under the ​

Placeholder

plate.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

oceanic

continental

subducted

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes what it means to be subducted.

• raised up

• forced under

• replaced

Multiple Select

Check all that are true when an oceanic plate collides with another oceanic plate

• One of them are subducted

• Both of them are subducted

• a volcanic island arc may form

• a continental volcanic arc may form

Multiple Select

Check all that are true about a boundary where a continental plate meets another continental plate

• the smallest one is subducted

• neither one is subducted

• new complex mountain ranges form

• a continental volcanic arch is likely

Multiple Select

Check all that are true about a Transform boundary

• They are destructive

• They are constructive

• 2 plates slide past each other

• This boundary is the type most likely to cause earthquakes

• The San Andreas fault in California is this type of boundary

Multiple Choice

What do we call the long belt of volcanoes that circle the pacific ocean?

• Pacific Islands

• The Volcano belt

• Ring of Fire

• Firey hexagon

Drag and Drop

Sometimes volcanoes form away from plate boundaries. We call the areas where this happens ​

Placeholder

. ​

Placeholder

is an example of volcanoes happening away from plate boundaries.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

hot spots

Hawaii

Australia

Match

Match the following

• Continental-Oceanic convergent boundary

• Oceanic-Oceanic Convergent Boundary

• Continental-Continental Convergent

• Oceanic-Oceanic Divergent Boundary

• Transform Boundary

Oceanic plate subducted may cause a continental volcanic arc

One subducts under the other volcanic island arcs are common

Creation of complex mountain ranges

Also known as sea floor spreading - creates new ocean floor

also known as Strike-Slip

Plates slide past each other. Earthquakes common

• Oceanic plate subducted may cause a continental volcanic arc

• One subducts under the other volcanic island arcs are common

• Creation of complex mountain ranges

• Also known as sea floor spreading - creates new ocean floor

• also known as Strike-Slip

  Plates slide past each other. Earthquakes common

Geologic Time Scale

Determining Earth’s Age using Rocks and Fossils
(Relative Dating, Absolute Dating and Index Fossils Review)

Layers of rock and sediment build up
overtime. Because of this the strata
creates a physical timeline.

Comparing the age of rocks and fossils to
other rocks and fossils bases upon its
position is called relative dating.

Relative Dating -
Rock Layers

OLDEST LAYER is at the BOTTOM
And the YOUNGEST at the TOP
unless there has been a
disturbance or the rocks have
been interrupted

LAW of Superposition

Multiple Choice

IF the Law of Superposition were to apply to pancakes, where would the newest pancakes be located?

• Bottom

• Top

Multiple Choice

Which layer is older?

• Layer 2 (yellow)

• Layer 6 (blue)

Multiple Choice

Which statement is true...

• A is the oldest rock layer

• A is younger that B, but older that D

• D is older that all of the other layers

• All layers are the same age

If a fault or another rock cuts
through another body of rock then
it is YOUNGER than the rocks it
cuts through and displaces

LAW of
Crosscutting

Multiple Choice

What is the correct age order of the rocks from OLDEST to YOUNGEST

• A,B,C,D,E

• B,C,D,E,A

• All are the same age

• A,E,D,B,C

Multiple Choice

What Letter represents the most recent event?

• A

• C

• D

• E

Multiple Choice

What Letter represents the most recent event?

• J

• I

• H

• G

Sedimentary rocks are the only
type to contain fossils because
these rocks are formed on the
Earth surface at very low
temperatures and pressures.

Why are fossils only
found in Sedimentary
Rock ?

Are fossils used to define and
identify geologic periods.
1.

Easy to recognize

2.

Widespread (multiple columns)

3.

Lived for a short period of
time (shows up in one row)

Index Fossils

Open Ended

Which Fossil would make a good index fossil? And Why?

Multiple Choice

What fossil would make a good index fossil?

Radioactive dating determines the exact ages of rocks and fossils by looking at tiny particles called atoms.

Some atoms decay over time and by measuring the amount of decayed atoms in a sample we can measure how long it has been around for.

Radioactive Dating

Half-lives

When 1/2 of the element decays, this is known as a half life.

​All, radioactive, elements have a specific decay rate unique to that element.

How long in years ?

After you know how many half-lives have occurred you can multiply that number by the amount of time it takes for that element to decay.

Multiple Choice

Carbon 14 has a half life of 5,730 years. If there is 50% of it left, how old is the sample?

• 5,730

• 11,460

• 2,685

• 17,190