AP Bio Review (3.31)

AP Biology ​Review

​Chapters 39, 41, 40, and 42

Open Ended

Do this on your own

What do you remember about behavioral ecology off the top of your head?

Open Ended

How do organisms communicate with each other?

Communication

Visual, chemical, tactile, and auditory

Visual: one individual of a species sees another individual of the same species.

Chemical: animals use chemicals or pheromones to detect or to communicate with each other.

Tactile: involves touching

Auditory: communication based on sound

Multiple Choice

Which statement about communication is false?

• Brightly colored flowers communicate a source of nectar to pollinators

• Rattlesnakes use auditory communication when threatened

• Animals mark their territories using chemical communication

• Plants are unable to use chemical communication

Open Ended

How is the behavior of an organism affected by their environment?

Environment and Behavior

Organisms respond to changes in their environment through behavioral and physiological mechanisms.

Example: phototropism in plants, nocturnal activity

Organisms exchange information with one another in response to internal changes and external cues, which can change behavior.

Example: Fight-or-flight response

Multiple Choice

Which statement about responses to environmental stimuli is true?

• Short-day plants flower when there is a long photoperiod

• Plants experiencing phototropism move toward sunlight

• Navigating birds lack an internal compass, so they rely on stars

• A circadian clock operates during daylight hours

Open Ended

Explain the difference between innate and learned behaviors, and provide an example of each.

Organisms learn to behave a specific way and improve their fitness.

Example: crows learn that a scarecrow is not a human and poses no real risk, so the crows will not avoid a garden anymore.

Learned

Instinctive behaviors performed without any previous experience.

Example: web-making in spiders

Innate

Innate v.s Learned

Multiple Choice

When horses hear an unusual noise, they turn their ears toward the sound. This is an example of

• a fixed action pattern.

• habituation

• associative learning

• imprinting

Open Ended

Explain how the behavior of an organism affects their overall fitness.

Behavior & Fitness

• Individuals can act on information and communicate it to others (ex: signaling behaviors that produce changes in the behavior of other organisms). They use the different forms of communication to establish dominance, find food, establish territory, and ensure their reproductive success.

• Natural selection favors innate and learned behaviors that increase survival and reproductive success

• Cooperative behavior tends to increase the fitness of an individual and survival of the population

Open Ended

Do this on your own

What do you remember about species interactions off the top of your head?

Open Ended

List the types of species interactions and indicate what the relationship between the two species is (example: mutualism: + +).

Interactions

Type of interaction Species 1 Species 2

Predation + -

Parasitism + -

Herbivory + -

Competition - -

Mutualism + +

Commensalism + 0

Open Ended

Describe the measures of species diversity that go into Simpson's Diversity Index

Simpson's Diversity Index

Multiple Choice

Why do some species of predator and prey experience population cycles?

• Predators are able to drive the prey population extinct

• When prey increase in abundance predators are able to increase in abundance

• Prey run out of food and the entire prey population dies of starvation

• When prey decline in abundance the plants they eat also decline in abundance

Multiple Choice

Which statement is true about competition?

• Natural selection favors those species that increase their niche overlap

• Competition can be intensified by the presence of predators

• Natural selection favors individuals that have less resource overlap between two competing species

• Competition can occur between different species, but not within a species

Open Ended

Calculate the diversity index for a community with the following tree species:

Lodgepole pine - 738

Douglas fir - 192

Whitebark pine - 261

Englemann spruce - 313

Multiple Choice

Which statement is false about Simpson's diversity index?

• It takes into account species richness

• A high species richness produces a higher index value

• It includes a measure of species evenness

• Greater species evenness produces a lower index value

Open Ended

Do this on your own

What do you remember about population ecology and the distribution of organisms?

Open Ended

Describe how birth rate and death rate determines population growth rate.

Birth Rate & Death Rate

Open Ended

Explain the difference between exponential population growth and logistic growth.

Population growth is limited by the ecosystem's carrying capacity (K) - the maximum amount of organisms an ecosystem can support with its resources

• Population grows exponentially until the cap is reached

• More realistic.

Logistic (S-shaped curve)

Population growth under ideal conditions - basically how a population would grow with unlimited resources

• Not a realistic model in most cases

Exponential (J-shaped curve)

Exponential v.s Logistic

Multiple Choice

Using the exponential growth model, how much will a population increase in 1 year if we begin with 20 individuals and $$r_{\max}=0.5$$

$$\frac{\text{d}N}{\text{d}t}=r_{\max}N$$

• 20

• 10

• 30

• 40

Multiple Choice

A population of prairie dogs has 100 individuals with an $$r_{\max}$$ of 0.4 per year and a carrying capacity of 975 prairie dogs. What will be the prairie dog population size after 2 years?

$$\frac{\text{d}N}{\text{d}t}=r_{\max}N\left(\frac{K-N}{K}\right)$$

• The population will be 1000 prairie dogs

• The population will be 1008 prairie dogs

• The population will be 984 prairie dogs

• The population will be 990 prairie dogs

Multiple Choice

Which statement is true about population overshoots?

• They can occur because carrying capacity can change over time

• They can occur because most populations do not have carrying capacities

• They can occur because most populations do not experience limiting resources

• They can occur when death rates are exceeding birth rates

Open Ended

Describe what the different survivorship curves represent

Survivorship Curves

• Type I: High survival throughout most of their life, low survival late in life

• Type II: Experience steadily declining survival throughout their life

• Type III: Low survival early in life and then slower decline throughout the rest of their life.

Open Ended

Explain the difference between density-dependent and density-independent population factors

Population growth is reduced regardless of the current population size.

• These are typically abiotic factors

  • Natural disasters

    • Both small and large populations are equally likely to experience declines

Density Independent

The growth of the population is increasingly limited as its size increases

• These are typically biotic factors

  • Competition, disease, etc.

Density Dependent

Density Dependent and Independent Factors

Multiple Choice

Which is an expectation of a population exhibiting density-independent growth?

• There is a resource in limited supply

• Small populations will initially experience rapid growth

• Large populations can still experience rapid growth

• There is a carrying capacity that regulates population growth rate

Open Ended

Do this on your own

What do you remember about energy in ecosystems?

Open Ended

How can a population size affect available energy?

Population Size & Energy

As the population size changes, so does its energy consumption and requirements

• As a population grows, they will consume more energy

Open Ended

Explain how autotrophs and heterotrophs enable the movement of energy in an ecosystem.

Heterotrophs capture energy present in carbon compounds from other organisms and continue the flow of energy up the food chain

Heterotrophs

Autotrophs capture energy from physical or chemical sources in the environment.

Essentially, this initiates the movement of energy throughout the ecosystem

Autotrophs

Autotrophs & Heterotrophs

Open Ended

Identify the primary producer in this food web

Producer

The primary producer is the grass/shrubs

Open Ended

Explain the difference between GPP (gross primary production) and NPP (net primary production).

Net primary production accounts for metabolism and maintenance, so it is the total amount of useful energy for an ecosystem

NPP = GPP - rate of energy loss to maintenance and metabolism

NPP

The gross primary production is the rate at which primary producers save and collect biomass for energy conservation

GPP

GPP & NPP

Multiple Choice

Blue jays are a species of bird that lives in the eastern and central United States. They have been observed eating acorns, berries, and seeds.

Ecologists often follow the movement of energy from one trophic level to another. If we consider the energy of the acorns, berries, and seeds to be 100%, what portion of that energy would be expected to be in the biomass of blue jays that consume these food sources?

• 100%

• 50%

• 10%

• 1%

Multiple Choice

Hawks are observed to prey upon the blue jays. What portion of the energy of the acorns, berries, and seeds would be expected to be in the biomass of the haws that consume the blue jays?

• 100%

• 50%

• 10%

• 1%