Mass Society and Democracy Part 1

Mass Society and Democracy

The Growth of Industrial Prosperity

The Second Industrial Revolution
• In the late nineteenth century, the belief in progress was so strong in the West

that it was almost a religion.

• Europeans and Americans had been impressed by the stunning bounty of the Second

Industrial Revolution.
• The First Industrial Revolution had given rise to textiles, railroads, iron, and coal.

•In the Second Industrial Revolution, steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum were the keys to
making economies even more productive.

• New Products

• One major change in industry between 1870 and 1914 was the substitution of

steel and iron.

• Steel was used in the building of lighter, smaller, and fastermachines and engines.

• It was also used in railways, ships, and weapons.

•In 1860, Great Britain, France, Germany, and Belgium produced 125,000 tons of steel.
• By 1913, the total was an astounding 32 million tons.

• Electricity was a major new form of energy that proved valuable.

• It was easily converted into other energy forms such as heat, light, and motion.

• Electricity also moved easily through space by means of wires.

•In the 1870s, the first practical generators of electrical current were developed.
• By 1910, hydroelectric power stations and coal-fired, steam generating plants connected homes

and factories to a single, common source of power.

Multiple Select

What THREE products were created from steel?

• Railways

• Ships

• Weapons

• Houses

Multiple Select

What THREE forms of energy was electricity converted into?

• Power

• Heat

• Light

• Motion

The Second Industrial Revolution

• New Products Cont.

• Electricity gave birth to a series of inventions.

• Homes and cities began to have electric lights when Thomas Edison in the United States

and Joseph Swan in Great Britain created the lightbulb.
•Edison patented the first commercially practical incandescent light.
•In 1878, with the help of several financiers, including J.P. Morgan, Edison formed the Edison Electric Light
Company in New York City.
• It was during this time that Edison remarked, “We will make electricity so cheap that only the rich will

burn candles.”

• A revolution in communications also began.

• Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876.

•Guglielmo Marconi sent the first radio waves across the Atlantic Ocean in 1901.

• Bythe 1800s, streetcars and subways powered by electricity had appeared in major

European cities.

• Electricity transformed the factory was well.

•Conveyor belts, cranes, and machines could all be powered by electricity.
•With electric lights, factories could remain open 24 hours a day.

• The development of the internal-combustion engine, fired by oil and gasoline, provided a

new source of power in transportation.
•This new engine gave rise to ocean liners with oil-fired engines, as well as to the airplane and the
automobile.
•In 1903, Orville and Wilbur Wright made the first flight in a fixed-wing plane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
• In 1919, the first regular passenger air service was established.

Multiple Choice

Who patented the first commercially practical incandescent light?

• Eli Whitney

• Thomas Edison

• Joseph Swan

• Presley Warner

Multiple Choice

What invention did Alexander Graham Bell create in 1876?

• Automobile

• Typewriter

• Sewing Machine

• Telephone

The Second Industrial Revolution

• New Patterns

• Industrial production grew at a rapid pace because of greatly increased sales of

manufactured goods.

• Europeans could afford to buy more consumer products for several reasons.

• Wages for workers increased after 1870.

•In addition, prices for manufactured goods were lower because of reduced transportation costs.
• One of the biggest reasons for more efficient production was the assembly line, a new

manufacturing method pioneered by Henry Ford in 1913.
• The assembly line allowed a much more efficient mass production of goods.

• In the cities, the first department stores began to sell a new range of consumer

goods.

• These goods- clocks, bicycles, electric lights, and typewriter, FOR EXAMPLE-were

made possible by the steel and electrical industries.

• Not everyone benefited from the Second Industrial Revolution.

• By 1900, Europe was divided into two economic zones.

• Great Britain, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Germany, the western part of the Austro-

Hungarian Empire, and northern Italy made up an advanced industrialized core.
•These nations had a high standard of living and decent systems of transportation.

Multiple Choice

What is the name of the new manufacturing method that was pioneered by Henry Ford?

• Assembly Line

• Interchangeable Parts

• Solar Power

• Robotics

Multiple Choice

Which country is NOT one of the countries that made up the advanced industrialized core of Europe?

• Great Britain

• Belgium

• France

• Russia

The Second Industrial Revolution

• New Patterns Cont.

• Another part of Europe was still largely agricultural.

• This was the little-industrialized area to the south and east.

• It consisted of southern Italy, most of Austria-Hungary, Spain, Portugal, the Balkan

kingdoms, and Russia.
•These countries provided food and raw materials for the industrial countries and had a much lower
standard of living than the rest of Europe.

• Toward a World Economy

• The Second Industrial Revolution, combined with the growth of transportation

by steamship and railroad, fostered a true world economy.

• By 1900, Europeans were receiving beef and wool from Argentina and Australia,

coffee from Brazil, iron ore from Algeria, and sugar from Java.

• European capital was also invested abroad to develop railways, mines, electrical

power plants, and banks.

• Of course, foreign countries also provided markets for Europe’s manufactured

goods.
• With its capital, industries, and military might, Europe dominated the world economy by

the beginning of the twentieth century.

Multiple Choice

While part of Europe had moved into manufacturing, what did the other part of Europe remain doing?

• Ship Building

• Mining

• Agriculture

• Logging

Multiple Select

What THREE things contributed to Europe's domination over the world economy at the beginning of the twentieth century?

• Capital

• Industries

• Education

• Military Might

The Working Class

• The transition to an industrialized society was very hard on workers.

• It made their lives difficult and forced them to live in crowded slums.

• They had to work long hours at mind-numbing tasks.

•This transformation eventually gave workers a higher standard of living.

• Goals for Reform

• Reformers of this era believed that industrial capitalism was heartless and

brutal.

• They wanted a new kind of society.

• Some reformers were moderates, who were willing to work within the system for gradual

changes such as fewer hours, better benefits, and safe working conditions.
•Often they used trade unions to achieve these practical goals.

• Other reformers were more radical.

• They wanted to abolish the capitalist system entirely and create a socialist system.

• To achieve this goal, they supported socialist parties.

•Socialist parties emerged after 1870, but the theory on which they were based came largely from Karl
Marx.
• One form of Marxist socialism was eventually called Communism.

Multiple Choice

Where were many of the industrialized workers forced to live in?

• Crowded Slums

• Countryside

• Suburbs

• Condos

Multiple Choice

From whom was the theory of socialism largely based from?

• Joseph Stalin

• Karl Marx

• Vladimir Linen

• Presley Warner

The Working Class

• Marx’s Theory

• In 1848, The Communist Manifesto was published.

• It was written by two Germans, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, who were appalled

at the horrible conditions in the industrial factories.
• They blamed the system of industrial capitalism for these conditions.

• Marx believed that all of the world history was a “history of class struggles”.

• According to Marx, oppressor and oppressed have always “stood in constant

opposition to one another.”
• One group-the oppressors-owned the means of production, such as land, raw materials,

money, and so forth.
•This gave them the power to control government and society.
• The other group, who owned nothing and who depended on the owners of the means of

production, was the oppressed.

• In the industrialized societies of Marx’s day, the class struggle continued.

• Around him, Marx believed he saw a society that was “more and more splitting up

into two great hostile camps, into great classes directly facing each other:
BOURGEOISIE and PROLETARIAT.”
• The bourgeoisie-the middle class-were the oppressors.

•The proletariat-the working class-were the oppressed.

Multiple Choice

What system was blamed for the harsh conditions under socialism?

• Corrupt Communism

• Fearful Fascism

• Industrial Capitalism

• Independent Isolationism

Multiple Choice

Who owned the means of production?

• Dictators

• Oppressors

• Royalty

• Managers

The Working Class

• Marx’s Theory Cont.

• Marx predicted that the struggle between the two groups would finally lead to

an open revolution.

• The proletariat would violently overthrow the bourgeoisie.

• After their victory, the proletariat would form a dictatorship (a government in which a

person or small group has absolute power) to organize the means of production.
•However, since the proletariatvictory would essentially abolish the economic differences that create
separate social classes, Marx believed that the final revolution would ultimately produce a classless
society.
• The state itself, which had been a tool of the bourgeoisie, would wither away.

• Socialist Parties

• In time, working-class leaders formed socialist parties based on Marx’s ideas.

• Most important was the German Social Democratic Party (SPD), which emerged in

1875.
• Under the direction of its Marxist leaders, the SPD advocated revolution while organizing

itself into a mass political party that competed in elections for the German parliament.
•Once in Parliament, SPD delegates worked to pass laws that would improve conditions for the
working class.

Multiple Select

Between what TWO groups did Marx predict that the struggle would lead to an open revolution?

• Proletariat

• Oppressors

• Federalist

• Bourgeoise

Multiple Choice

Which side of Marx's theory would form a dictatorship?

• Proletariat

• Bourgeoisie

• Oligarchy

• Royalty

The Working Class

• Socialist Parties Cont.

• In spite of government efforts to destroy it, the German Social Democratic

Party grew.

• When it received four million votes in the 1912 elections, it became the largest

single party in Germany.
• Because the German constitutions gave greater power to the upper house and the German

emperor, the SPD was not able to bring about the kind of changes it wanted.

• Socialistparties also emerged in other European states.

• In 1889, leaders of the various socialist parties joined together and formed the

Second International.
• This was an association of nationalist socialist groups that would fight against capitalism

worldwide. (The First International had failed in 1872.)

• Marist parties were divided over their goals.

• Pure Marxists thought that capitalism could only be defeated by a violent revolution.

• Other Marxists, called revisionists, rejected the revolutionary approach.

•They argued that workers must continue to organize in mass political parties and even work with
other parties to gain reforms.
• As workers received the right to vote, revisionists believed, they could achieve their aims by

working within democratic systems.

Multiple Choice

What did pure Marxists believe could only be defeated by a violent revolution?

• Capitalism

• Communism

• Socialism

• Fascism

Multiple Choice

Which Marists rejected the revolutionary approach?

• Revisionists

• Radicals

• Liberals

• Conservatives

The Working Class

• Trade Unions

• Another force working for revolutionary, rather than revolutionary, socialism

was the trade union, or labor union.

• To improve their conditions, workers organized in a union.

• Then the union had to get the employer to recognize its right to represent workers in

collective bargaining.
•This is a process whereby union representatives negotiate with employers over wages and hours.

• The right to strike was another important part of the trade union movement.

• In a strike, a union calls on its members to stop work in order to pressure employers

to meet their demands for higher wages or improved factory safety.
• At first, laws were passed that made strikes illegal under any circumstances.

•In Great Britain, unions won the right to strike in the 1870s.
• By 1914, there were almost four million workers in British trade unions.

• In the rest of Europe, trade unions have varying degrees of success in helping workers achieve a

better life.

Multiple Choice

What is it called where union representatives negotiate with employers over wages and hours?

• Feudalism

• Collective Bargaining

• Reform

• Vertical Integration

Multiple Choice

What is it called where the union calls for its workers not to work?

• Strike

• Collective Bargaining

• Jubilation

• Market Enterprise