Petroski - Earth Science LEAP Review

Earth Science LEAP Review

• Geology

• Plate Motion

• Rock Transformations

​

This review activity will focus on:

Part 1: Convection in the Mantle

​Fluid means movable molecules (liquids or gas)

Caused by differences in temperature and density.

Convection is the transfer of heat by movement of a heated fluid.

Hot fluid is less dense, so it rises

Cool fluid is more dense, so it falls

Convection currents flow in the Mantle of the Earth

• The heat source is from the core of the Earth and the Mantle itself.

• These convection currents have been acting like a conveyor belt, moving the lithosphere above for billions of years.

• these currents are the engines that move the the plates of the Earth's surface.

Hotspot

Click on the location on the diagram to indicate where the step in the convection process is occurring:

Density of the mantle materials is less than the material above it, so the material begins to rise.

Hotspot

Click on the location on the diagram to indicate where the step in the convection process is occurring:

The force gravity is causing denser material to fall

Hotspot

Click on the location on the diagram to indicate where the step in the convection process is occurring:

Core heat causes causes temperatures to rise, therefore decreasing the density of the material.

Hotspot

Click on the location on the diagram to indicate where the step in the convection process is occurring:

Rising material hits the rigid lithosphere and cannot go any further.

Multiple Choice

What causes convection currents?

• The heat of the Earth's exterior

• Energy from the Sun

• The rotation of the Earth

• The heat from the Earth's core

Multiple Choice

What do convection currents do to the plates of the Earth?

• Increase the temperature

• Cause movement

• Cause them to sink

• Generate magnetic fields

Part 2: The Theory of Continental Drift

Alfred Wegener theorized that the continents were all joined together at one time and have drifted apart.

His Theory was rejected.

The Theory of Continental Drift

• ​Fossil Evidence

• Continental Fit

• Sea Floor Spreading

• Landforms and Rock Layers

Wegener had 4 pieces of evidence for continental drift

Fossils are found on separate continents with vast oceans between them.

Fossil Evidence

The continents with their shelves seem to fit together like a puzzle

Continental Fit

The sea floor spreads apart at a divergent boundary

Sea Floor Spreading

Landforms match from continent to continent with same aged rocks.

​​Landforms/Rocks

Multiple Choice

Alfred Wegener thought which 2 continents looked like puzzle pieces that could fit together?

• Antarctica and Asia

• South America and Africa

• South America and Australia

• Africa and Pangaea

Multiple Choice

What geologic feature was evidence to support the theory that the continents used to be joined?

• Same rocks were found on different continents

• Glacial grooves were found on different continents

• Fossilized evidence of the same organism found on different continents

• Africa and South America look like puzzle pieces that fit together

Multiple Choice

What cold environment feature was evidence to support the theory that the continents used to be joined?

• Same rocks were found on different continents

• Glacial grooves were found on different continents

• Fossilized evidence of the same organism found on different continents

• Africa and South America look like puzzle pieces that fit together

Multiple Choice

What evidence of an ancient organism was used to support the theory that the continents used to be joined?

• Same rocks were found on different continents

• Glacial grooves were found on different continents

• Fossilized evidence of the same organism found on different continents

• Africa and South America look like puzzle pieces that fit together

Multiple Choice

What was Pangaea?

• It was a supercontinent, made of all of the landmasses on Earth.

• It was 2 separate landmasses, one on the Northern Hemisphere and one on the Southern Hemisphere.

• It was a supercontinent made of 3 landmasses

• It was the name of an ancient organism

Multiple Choice

What was Alfred Wegenerś Continental Drift theory?

• The continents used to be joined together to form a supercontinent.

• The continents have since drifted apart to their current location

• Pangaea was formed around 250 million years ago

• All of the above

Multiple Choice

What are the puzzle pieces of the Earth's surface called?

• Tectonic plates

• Puzzles

• Earthquakes

Multiple Choice

What is the force that moves the continents?

• Conduction

• Convection

• Radiation

• Conveyor belts

Multiple Choice

Originally the Continental drift theory was not well received by other scientist. Why?

• There was a competing theory at the time that was more believable.

• There was no data showing the continents ever moved.

• The scientists did not know the force responsible for moving the continents.

• The scientist presenting the data was unreliable.

Reorder

Order the pictures of Pangaea from oldest to present day.

1

2

3

4

5

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5

Match

Match the following

• Glacier grooves match up on neighboring continents

• Plant and animal evidence found on continents seperated by oceans

• Hardened magma of the same chemistry and age

• Continents seem to fit together like puzzle pieces

Climate Clues

Fossil clues

Rock clues

Continental shape clues

• Climate Clues

• Fossil clues

• Rock clues

• Continental shape clues

Part 3: The Theory of Sea Floor Spreading

• The Sea floor spreads apart on both sides of the mid-ocean ridge.

• The ocean floor moves like a conveyor belt, carrying the continents with it.

​

Mid-Ocean Ridge

​Pillow shaped rocks form when molten lava erupts and dries quickly on the ocean floor.

Molten Materials

Rocks lie in patterns showing a record of reversals of the Earth's magnetic fields over long periods of time.

Magnetic Stripes

The farther away from the mid-ocean ridge you get, the older the rocks are on the ocean floor.

Drilling Samples

• ​The sideways and downward movement of a tectonic plate into the mantle

• Eventually, the Earth's crust sinks into deep water trenches.

• Subduction occurs to recycle the earths plates back into the mantle to be melted.

​Subduction

Multiple Select

Mid-ocean ridges are the sites of intense _________ activity.

• emotional

• volcanic

• earthquake

• mathematical

Multiple Select

As the melted rock cools and hardens,

it forms new ________.

• volcanoes

• hope

• core

• crust

Multiple Select

___________ is the process by which

new oceanic lithosphere (sea floor) forms as magma rises to Earth’s surface and solidifies at a mid-ocean ridge.

• Continental drift

• Sea-floor spreading

• Plate tectonics

• Mid-ocean range

Multiple Choice

Massive pieces of land that are part of the Earth's crust and upper mantle

• Tectonic plates

• Trenches

• Divergent boundary

• Continental shelves

Multiple Choice

The deepest part of the ocean; long, narrow ditches

• Tectonic plates

• Trenches

• Divergent boundary

• Continental shelves

Multiple Choice

___________ help explain why Earth is not getting any larger even though the tectonic plates are always moving.

• earthquakes

• subduction zones

• fossils

• volcanoes

Multiple Choice

The OLDEST seafloor is located? 

• Closest to the mid-ocean ridge

• Farthest from the mid-ocean ridge

Multiple Choice

True or False : Sea-floor Spreading adds new material to the ocean floor?

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

What happens when Subduction occurs?

• Parts of the crust fall into the mantle

• Parts of the crust fall into the core

• Parts of the crust fall into space

• None of these

Multiple Choice

What is one piece of evidence of seafloor spreading? 

• scientist found animals at the bottom of the sea

• mountain rocks crashed into the ocean

• scientist found pillow shaped rocks like pillows

Multiple Choice

What process takes place at the trenches? 

• divergent boundaries

• subduction

• new crust is formed

• mountain ranges

Multiple Choice

The oceanic crust is pushed aside on both sides of the 

• Continent's edge

• Deep-ocean trench

• Mid-ocean ridge

Multiple Choice

Look at this image, which shows changes at mid-ocean ridges. The highlighted section shows how one location of the sea floor moves over time. Which process is demonstrated in this image?

• Continental drift

• earthquakes

• plate collisions

• sea-floor spreading

Multiple Choice

New crust is always formed at the...

• mid-ocean ridge

• deep-ocean trench

• asthenosphere

Part 4: The Theory of Plate Tectonics

This theory is a combination of continental drift and sea floor spreading

​Plates move TOWARD each other.

There are three kinds:

Ocean to Ocean

Ocean to Continent

Continent to Continent

Convergent

Plates move AWAY from each other

​​Divergent

Plates SLIDE PAST each other

​​Transform

If under the ocean = Mid-Ocean Ridges

• Includes volcanic mountain ranges

If on land = Rift Valleys

• Includes volcanoes

​

Landforms at Divergent Boundaries

Fault lines are the most common.

Hills may form from displaced rock.

Landforms at Transform Boundaries

Trench

Volcanic Arc Islands

Subduction Zone

Ocean - Ocean Convergent

Trench

Volcanic Mountain Ranges

Subduction Zone

Ocean - Continent Convergent

Mountain Ranges

Continent - Continent Convergent

Multiple Choice

The earth's outer shell is divided into slabs of rock called ______ .

• continental plates

• crustal plates

• trench plates

• tectonic plates

Multiple Choice

What is the driving force behind the movement of the plates?

Match

Match the following

divergent

convergent

transform

• divergent

• convergent

• transform

Multiple Choice

At which plate boundary is new crust formed?

• divergent

• convergent

• continental

• transform

Multiple Choice

What type of crusts are involved with one plate subducting beneath another?

• continental and continental

• Oceanic and continental

• oceanic and divergent

• continental and convergent

Multiple Select

What types of landforms are formed at convergent boundaries?

PICK TWO

• volcanoes

• new crust

• Trenches

• rift valley

Multiple Choice

What is the WHOLE AREA called where the oceanic crust goes beneath the continental crust?

• subtraction zone

• section zone

• secondary zone

• subduction zone

Multiple Choice

True or False: The continental plates move so quickly that we can feel them.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Associated with transform boundaries.

• Volcanoes

• mountains

• trenches

• earthquakes

Multiple Choice

A location where two tectonic plates collide is known as a _________ boundary.

• Convergent

• Divergent

• Transform

• Spreading

Multiple Choice

Which layer of Earth flows slowly and causes the crust to move?

• Crust

• Mantle

• Inner Core

• Outer core

Multiple Choice

What is an earthquake?

• When the earth causes an upward thrust in the epicenter.

• When the earth moves up and down along the ocean floor.

• When tectonic plates slide against each other causing the earth to move. 

• None of the above

Multiple Choice

Subduction means.....

• one plate goes under another plate

• two plates slide past each other

• two plate collide and form folded mountains

Multiple Choice

Sea-floor spreading explains how.....

• new crust is created at a divergent boundary

• volcanoes are formed on continents

• deep sea trenches are formed

Multiple Choice

An opening on the Earth's crust through which hot molten rock flows out from deep inside the Earth.

• Volcano

• Fault line

• Fold

• Crater

Multiple Choice

Which of the following causes Earth's tectonic plates to move?

• Energy from the Sun

• Magnetic Pole Reversal

• Convection currents in the mantle

• Faults in Mountain Ranges

Multiple Choice

What type of plate boundary is this?

• Plate

• Divergent

• Convergent

• Transform

Multiple Choice

What geologic feature/event would you most likely to find at a divergent boundary between two pieces of oceanic crust?

• Rift Valley

• Mid-Ocean Ridge

• Island Arc

• Flat land

Multiple Choice

What geologic feature/event would you most likely to find at a convergent boundary between two pieces of continental crust?

• Volcano

• Mountain

• Rift

• Island Arc

Multiple Choice

Where are the youngest rocks on Earth found?

• Along mid-ocean ridges

• Along transform boundaries

• On the edges of the continents

• Near ocean trenches

Part 5:

Rock Transformation

Rock created from cooled lava or magma either inside of the Earth's crust or on the surface

Igneous

Rock created from the compaction and cementation of sediments

Sedimentary

Rocks that have been created from the transformation of other rock types through extreme heat and pressure

Metamorphic

Multiple Choice

During which process does layer upon layer of sediment build up, exerting pressure on the layers below?

• Erosion

• Compaction

• Conglomerate

Multiple Choice

Metamorphic rock transforms to sediment by ______?

• melting and cooling

• cementation and compaction

• Weathering and erosion

• heat and pressure

Multiple Choice

Heat and ____________ can change sedimentary rock into metamorphic rock.

• Pressure

• Melting

• Cooling

Multiple Choice

Igneous rocks form from the __________ of magma or lava.

• Pressure

• Cooling

• Heat

Multiple Choice

_________ is the process which causes magma to form.

• Pressure

• Melting

• Cooling

Multiple Choice

Which type of rock often contains fossils and how do you think this occurs?

• Sedimentary rocks

• Metamorphic

• Igneous

Multiple Choice

What Are The Three Main Types Of Rocks?

• Igneous, Depository, Metamorphic

• Depository, Igneous, Sedimentary

• Metamorphic, Igneous, Depository

• Igneous, Metamorphic, Sedimentary

Multiple Choice

Rocks can turn into any other rocks?

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

The rocks cycle follows a specific order?

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

These Rocks are formed from Magma and Lava

• Metamorphic

• Igneous

• Sedimentary

Multiple Choice

This rock started as molten magma but transformed after a volcano erupted. What type of rock is this?

• Sedimentary

• Igneous

• Metamorphic

Multiple Choice

This rock was another type of rock that was heated and compressed over time. What type of rock is this?

• Sedimentary

• Igneous

• Metamorphic

Multiple Choice

Molten rock below the Earth's surface is called...

• Magma

• Lava

• Goo

• Really hot goo

Multiple Choice

The process when rocks break into smaller pieces due to exposure to natural elements is called

• erosion

• weathering

• sediments

Dropdown

Having visible layers would identified a rock as ​

Select answer

. Rocks that are cooled lava or magma are ​

Select answer

rock. Intense heat and pressure allows for ​

Select answer

rock to form.

Multiple Choice

cementation

• process which wind , water, ice and heat BREAK DOWN rock into sediment

• process which wind, water, ice and heat TRANSPORT soil and sediment from one location to another

• process in which rock and sediment is laid down

• process that glues compacted sediment to form sedimentary rock

Multiple Choice

weathering

• process which wind , water, ice and heat BREAK DOWN rock into sediment

• process which wind, water, ice and heat TRANSPORT soil and sediment from one location to another

• process in which rock and sediment is laid down

• process that glues compacted sediment to form sedimentary rock

Multiple Choice

erosion

• process which wind , water, ice and heat BREAK DOWN rock into sediment

• process which wind, water, ice and heat TRANSPORT soil and sediment from one location to another

• process in which rock and sediment is laid down

• process that glues compacted sediment to form sedimentary rock

Multiple Choice

deposition

• process which wind , water, ice and heat BREAK DOWN rock into sediment

• process which wind, water, ice and heat TRANSPORT soil and sediment from one location to another

• process in which rock and sediment is laid down

• process that glues compacted sediment to form sedimentary rock

Hotspot

Click on the box that indicates where IGNEOUS Rock would be placed on the rock cycle.

Hotspot

Click on the box that indicates where METAMORPHIC Rock would be placed on the rock cycle.

Hotspot

Click on the box that indicates where SEDIMENTARY Rock would be placed on the rock cycle.