Paper 1 Review Game Assignment- Cognitive Level of Analysis

Multiple Select

Name 2 models or theories of memory

• Levels of Processing

• ARMM

• Multi-Store Memory Model

• Theory of Planned Behavior

Multiple Select

Which of the following correctly describes the Multi Store Memory Model?

• MSMM- how long we store our memory for 1) Sensory Memory-looking at the structure of the mem 2) Short Term Memory- listening to the information for 30 sec 3) Long-term Memory- fully processing information until its deeply encoded.

• MSMM-how long we store our memory for. 1) Structural- holds new info involving echoic & iconic mem 2) Phonetic-listening to the information & using maintenance rehearsal 3) Semantic- fully processing information until it's stored for an indefinite amount of time.

• MSMM- the longer we engage with mem, the deeper it's processed. 1) Sensory Mem- stores unlimited amount of info 2) Semantic Memory- fully process info for an indefinite amount of time.

  3) LTM- 30 sec information using maintenance rehearsal

• MSMM-how long we store our mem for. 1) Sensory Memory-holds the new info involving iconic & echoic mem 2) STM- 30-sec maintenance rehearsal 3) LTM- large amounts of information stored for an indefinite amount of time.

Multiple Select

What processes in between each of the subcomponents of the Multi-Store Memory Model make the model true?

• Sensory Memory to Short-Term Memory (rehearsal). Short Term Memory to Long Term Memory (attention)

• Structural Memory to Phonetic Memory- (attention). Phonetic Memory to Semantic Memory (rehearsal)

• Semantic Memory to Phonetic Memory (attention). Phonetic Memory to Structural Memory (rehearsal)

• Sensory Memory to Short Term Memory (attention). Short Term Memory to Long Term Memory (maintenance rehearsal)

Multiple Select

What are the 3 components that make of Levels of Processing?

• LOP- how long we store our memory for 1) Sensory Memory-looking at the structure of the mem 2) Short Term Memory- listening to the information for 30 sec 3) Long-term Memory- fully processing information until its deeply encoded.

• LOP- the longer we engage with mem, the deeper it's processed. 1) Sensory Mem- stores unlimited amount of info 2) Semantic Memory- fully process info for an indefinite amount of time.

  3) LTM- 30 sec information using maintenance rehearsal

• LOP- the deeper we engage with the memory, the longer the memory is kept. 1) Structural Memory- the physical aspect of a task. 2) Phonetic Memory - encoding memory based on how it sounds. 3) Semantic Memory- fully processing/taking time and engaging with the information.

• LOP- how long we store our mem for. 1) Sensory Memory-holds the new info involving iconic & echoic mem 2) STM- 30-sec maintenance rehearsal 3) LTM- large amounts of information stored for an indefinite amount of time.

Multiple Select

What was the Aim for Milner & Scoville ?

• investigated expectancy effects resulting from schemas

• To investigate the behavioral effects of an accident through the skull caused by a metal rod, causing severe injury between the frontal lobe and limbic system.

• Test the relationship between damage to the hippocampus and amnesia

• investigate problems in speech production and its impediment related to the brain.

Multiple Select

2 Brace Points for Milner & Scoville

• 1) Field Experiment- Milner was examined in a lab-based environment where all variables were controlled inferring caution.

  2) Low sample to population generalization-H.M case was unique and cannot easily be applicable to another group of people.

• 1) Confidentiality- Milner & Scoville's study was published worldwide under H.M.'s name raising ethical considerations since H.M.'s study was no longer private and millions of people could research his diagnosis and injury.

  2) Low Ecological Validity-Brenda controlled everything H.M. would receive such as the different tasks; and the number of times he performed them.

• 1) Naturalistic Observation-H.M was observed for 30 years with researchers having no control over the environment.

  2) Deception- H.M was given the false aim of the study in order for researchers to see his true reaction.

• 1) Case Study- H.M. was studied for over 40 years and examined the unique bike accident that caused him to endure severe epilepsy.

  2) Confidentiality- Milner & Scoville's study was published worldwide under H.M.'s name raising ethical considerations since H.M. study was no longer private and millions of people could research his diagnosis and injury.

Multiple Select

What is Schema Theory ?

• Mental Images created by the brain- help explain how the brain structures units of knowledge. Can be based on past experiences & is useful when organizing memory and recall.

• The brain's ability to create new memories resulting from new learning experiences. The longer we engage with the memory, the higher the chances we'll use the memory in the future.

• Emotions have an impact on the cognitive process and have the ability to share historical events and experiences that are attached to our personal emotions.

• an individual recalls a memory, and becomes into bits and pieces from which our memory fills in the gaps. Can be useful when organizing memory & recall.

Multiple Select

Which of the following discussion points accurately describes schema theory ?

• schemas include cortical remapping, therefore our past schema assumes the function of our future schema.

• since schemas are based on past experiences (immeasurable)- we cannot fully rely on schemas as they are influenced by our past assumptions (inaccurate) & recollection of experience can lead to false or distorted information since schemas are mental shortcuts.

• Although schemas help an individual acquire a

  fast and undemanding answer this type of thinking uses

  mental shortcuts to create an automatic answer in very little

  time. Therefore, schemas can lead to incorrect answers.

• schemas are difficult to quantify and so we cannot

  exactly measure the level of thinking and decision-

  making that occurs or the biases that affect schemas.

Multiple Select

What is Top Down Processing and where can it be applied to in the CLOA?

• Top Down Processing- cognitive processes that explain how the brain's ability to create new memories results from new learning experiences. Therefore, the longer we engage with the memory, the higher the chances we'll use the memory in the future. Can be used when describing reconstructive memory.

• Top Down Processing- a cognitive process that describes how our brains make use of information that has already been brought into the brain by one or more of the sensory systems. Can be applied when describing schema theory.

• Top-down Processing- Cognitive processes that explain how Emotions have an impact on the ability to share historical events and experiences that are attached to our personal emotions. Can be used when describing schema theory.

• Top-down Processing- cognitive process that describes how our brains make use of information that has already been brought into the brain by one or more of the sensory systems. Can be applied when describing flashbulb memories.

Multiple Select

What Specific Schema did the participants in Darley & Gross use when predicting Hannah's testing results?

• Self- Schemas

• Social Schema

• Scripts

• Reconstructive Schema

Multiple Select

What were the findings of Darley & Gross ?

• Participants who saw Hannah in the poor environment (playground) predicted that her testing results would be lower & participants who saw Hannah in the enriched environment (playground) predicted Hannah's testing results to be higher.

• Participants who saw Hannah in a poor environment (playground) predicted Hannah's testing results to be higher. Participants who saw Hannah in the enriched environment (playground) predicted that her testing results would be lower.

Multiple Select

Which of the following Brace Points for Darley & Gross are correct?

• True experiment- can infer causation, the different environments Hannah was playing in, creating an effect on the outcome of how participants believed Hannah would academically perform on the test.

  Low sample to the population generationalization- only conducted on college students, therefore their schemas may differ from adolescents who would less likely consider their academic performance on their environment and may base it off of what she was wearing, gender, etc..

• Field Experiment- conducted in a real-life setting, no variables were controlled by the researchers.

  High Ecological Validity-

• True experiment-can infer causation, the different environments Hannah was playing in, creating an effect on the outcome of how participants believed Hannah would academically perform on the test.

  Researcher Triangulation- multiple researchers were apart of the study and fact-checked the study to ensure that all variables and ethical guidelines were ensured.

Multiple Select

can be applied to guide decision-making based on a more limited subset of the available information since they rely on less information and facilitate faster decision-making.

• Scripts

• Social Schemas

• Heuristics

• Theory of Planned Behavior.

Multiple Select

What specific attitude was Anderson, Lepper & Ross testing?

• Imagination inflation- individuals are unable to change their beliefs even if there is information that refutes their belief

• Cognitive Dissonance- an individual's attitudes contradict their behavior and beliefs.

• Imagination Inflation- Individuals' belief & confidence that an event has actually occurred when in reality, it's their imagination & the event never happened.

• Belief Perseverance- individuals are unable to change their beliefs even if there is information that refutes their belief

Multiple Select

2 Brace points for Anderson, Lepper, & Ross

• Experimental Design- can infer causation. Participants who were told the negative relationship between risky deacon making and failure of firefighters, had an effect of negative belief perseverance towards the firefighters, and still continued to withhold their negative attitudes towards the firefighters.

  High Ecological Validity- The results of this study can be generalized into the real world and would accurately describe everyone's attitudes towards being told a false claim and still withholding it even if proven false.

• Experimental Design- can infer causation. Participants who were told the negative relationship between risky deacon making and failure of firefighters, had an effect of negative belief perseverance towards the firefighters, and still continued to withhold their negative attitudes towards the firefighters.

  Low Ecological Validity- Results of this study cannot be generalized into the real world as belief perseverance is not applicable to everyone. Although participants continued to withhold their claim about the firefighters even after being debriefed, this does not necessarily mean that other groups of people would also withhold their claim even after being proven false.

• Naturalistic Observation participants observed the firefighters for 3 years therefore, researchers had no control over the results of the study.

  2) Deception- Participants were deceived to believe that firefighters had misconduct, therefore, creating an effect on their belief perseverance claim.

Multiple Select

What is flashbulb memory?

• Mental Images created by the brain-help explain how the brain structures units of knowledge. Can be based on past experiences & is useful when organizing memory and recall.

• The brain's ability to create new memories resulting from new learning experiences. The longer we engage with the memory, the higher the chances we'll use the memory in the future.

• Emotions have an impact on the cognitive process and have the ability to share historical events and experiences that are attached to our personal emotions. (emotion-based memory)

• an individual recalls a memory, and becomes into bits and pieces from which our memory fills in the gaps. Can be useful when organizing memory & recall.

Multiple Select

What is the Aim of Brown & Kulik ?

• To investigate whether shocking events are recalled more vividly and accurately than other events.

• To investigate the brain mechanisms associated with flashbulb memories.

• To determine whether false information in advertising about childhood experiences at Disney could make consumers believe those events had happened to them.

• To investigate how emotions alter choice even when consequences are held constant

Multiple Select

What was the Methodology of Brown & Kulik ?

• 3 conditions; 1) condition= shows an autobiographical ad of child shaking hands with bugs bunny (wasn't a prime Disney character). 2) autobio ad of child shaking hands with little mermaid (wasn't prime Disney character at the time) 3) non autobiographical promoting new ride at disney

• P's answered questionnaires about the Challenger disaster less than 24 hours after it occurred. 2 1/2 yrs later, 44 of the original students answered the questionnaire again. They were then asked to rate their confidence of how accurate they believe their memory was from 1-5. Lastly, asked to fill out a questionnaire about the subject before.

• 40 White & 40 African Americans who conducted a questionnaire to answer questions based on their memory of 10 events, 9 = assassination events of well-known American personalities. & 1 = self-selected personal event- included self-shock. 

•  participants saw two videos of a girl named Hannah. 1st- Hannah was playing in a rich environment (playground) 2nd- Hannah was playing in a poor environment (playground)

  In video 1 a girl was playing in a poor environment; in video 2 a girl was playing in a rich environment. Participants then saw taking a test and where asked to guess Hannah's academic performance on the test.

Multiple Select

What were the findings of Brown & Kulik ?

• More flashbulb memories were established with the death of JFK, however, African Americans recalled with more 'vividness' the death of MLK, and White Participants recalled the death of JFK with more vividness.

•   11/44 p's remembered they had filled out the questionnaire before Challenger Disaster. Major discrepancies between the original questionnaire & follow-up 2 1/2 later. Recall of the Challenger disaster was found to not be as accurate as how the participants believed it was, therefore, showing how

  flashbulb memories are not as accurately recalled.

•  The amygdala was more active when recalling emotionally arousing pictures (FBM) than the neutral pictures.

• Whether or not participants were debriefed, participants continued to withhold their original belief about the firefighters.

Multiple Select

Which of the Following studies can be used when analyzing Reconstructive Memory?

• Brown & Kulik

• Braun, Ellis & Loftus

• Darley & Gross

• Cohen et al