Marco Learning: Bootcamp #3

APⓇPsychology
Boot Camp #3

Confusing Pairs in Psychology

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1.) Exam Overview
2.) Unit Breakdown
3.) Review: Confusing Pairs in Psychology

• Blooket

• Quizizz Review

4.) Free Response Question
5.) Time for Questions

Agenda: Bootcamp #3

● Two Sections

○ Multiple-Choice: 66.7% of Exam Score

■ 100 questions, 70 minutes (42 seconds per

question)

○ Free Response: 33.3% of Exam Score

■ 2 question, 50 minutes

● Question 1 - Concept Application (7 points)
● Question 2 - Research Design (7 points)

AP Psychology Exam Overview

Unit Breakdown

● Unit 1: Scientific Foundations of

Psychology 10–14%

● Unit 2: Biological Bases of

Behavior 8–10%

● Unit 3: Sensation and Perception

6–8%

● Unit 4: Learning 7–9%

● Unit 5: Cognitive Psychology

13–17%

● Unit 6: Developmental

Psychology 7–9%

● Unit 7: Motivation, Emotion, and

Personality 11–15%

● Unit 8: Clinical Psychology 12–16%
● Unit 9: Social Psychology 8–10%

Unit 1: Scientific
Foundations of

Psychology

10-14% of the AP Exam

Structuralism

●What do the parts of the brain
do?

Functionalism

●How and why the mind
functions as it does?

Confusing Pairs:

Foundations of Psychology

Multiple Choice

(Structuralist) German scientist known as the "father of psychology" uses structuralism and introspection. Founded first psychology laboratory in Germany at the University of Leipzig.

• William James

• Wilhelm Wundt

• G. Stanley Hall

• Ivan Pavlov

Basic Research

●Pure science that aims to
increase the scientific
knowledge base

Applied Research

●Take basic research and apply it
to various subfields

-Education

-Industrial/organization

Confusing Pairs:

Foundations of Psychology

Multiple Choice

George sees his clients for a brief period of time, and mostly concentrates his questions on how their medication is working so he can find out if he should issue them a new scrip or change the milligram dosage he has prescribed. George is most likely a:

• personality psychologist

• clinical psychologist

• psychometrician

• psychiatrist

• industrial-organizational psychologist

Independent Variable

●What is manipulated or tested

Dependent Variable

●What is measured

Confusing Pairs:

Foundations (Experimentation)

Experimental Group

●Group that receives the IV

Control Group

●Serves as a baseline to compare
the EG

●Conditions remain consistent OR

●Receive placebo

Confusing Pairs:

Foundations (Experimentation)

Random Assignment

●Each participant has an equal
chance of being placed into any
group

Random Sample

●Each member of the population
has an equal chance of being
selected for the representative
sample

●Happens before the assignment

Confusing Pairs:

Foundations (Experimentation)

Multiple Choice

What variable in an experiment is the manipulated variable?
For example: keep bread at room temp, and keep another one in the refrigerator- here you are changing the temps on purpose to see what happens. 

• Operational Definition

• Control Variable

• Dependent Variable

• Independent Variable

Multiple Choice

What variable in an experiment is measured?

For example: measuring the amount of mold on bread if you have manipulated the temperature

• Dependent variable

• Operational Definition

• Independent Variable

• Control Variable

Multiple Choice

Which of the following methods best limits the influence of unknown variables in an experiment?

• Random assignment

• Debriefing

• Stratified Sampling

• Subject matching

• Correlational study

Descriptive Statistics

●Describe a set of data

●Measures of central tendency:
mean, median, mode

●Measures of variability: range,
standard deviation

Inferential Statistics

●Used to determine cause and
effect: can a data from the
sample be applied to a larger
population?

Confusing Pairs:

Foundations (Statistics)

Unit 3: S & P

6-8% of the AP Exam

Poll Questions: Stats

Practice Questions

Sensation

●Bottom-up processing

Perception

●Top-down processing

Confusing Pairs:

Sensation & Perception

Cones

●Three C’s: Color, Clarity, Center

●Need light

●Fovea

Rods

●Black/white, Blurry, Periphery

●See in dim settings

Confusing Pairs:

Sensation & Perception

Multiple Choice

If we did not have cones in our eyes, we would not see

• colors

• shapes

• sizes

• distant objects

Conduction Deafness

●Outer ear

●Middle ear

Sensorineural (Nerve) Deafness

●Inner ear: once it’s a neural
message

Confusing Pairs:

Sensation & Perception

Multiple Choice

Damage to the ossicles (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) is most likely to cause

• conduction hearing loss

• prosopagnosia

• synaesthesia

• sensorineural hearing loss

Unit 4: Learning

7-9% of the AP Exam

Classical Conditioning

●Involuntary

●Associate two stimuli with a
response

Operant Conditioning

●Voluntary

●Associate a behavior with a
consequence

Confusing Pairs:

Learning

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a response acquired through classical conditioning?

• A woman’s stomach growls when she looks at the clock and sees it is almost lunchtime.

• A dog salivates at the taste of food.

• A man pulls his hand away from a hot burner on the stove.

• A child cleans his room more often when he is rewarded for doing so.

• A driver stops speeding after receiving a ticket.

Unit 5: Cognition

13-17% of the AP Exam

Explicit Memory

●Declarative, facts

●Episodic, semantic

●Hippocampus

Implicit Memory

●Nondeclarative, skills

●Procedural

●Cerebellum

Confusing Pairs:

Cognition (Memory)

Recall

●No cues

Recognition

●Some hints

Confusing Pairs:

Cognition (Memory)

Primacy Effect

●First items are remembered

Recency Effect

●Last items remembered

Confusing Pairs:

Cognition (Memory)

Proactive Interference

●Forget new information

Retroactive Interference

●Forget of old information

Confusing Pairs:

Cognition (Memory)

Multiple Choice

If you watch a sequel to movie, and have trouble remembering if a character was in the first movie, you are experiencing...

• Repressive Memories

• Proactive Interference

• Retroactive Interference

• Memory Decay

Proactive Interference

●Forget new information

Retroactive Interference

●Forget old information

Confusing Pairs:

Cognition (Memory)

Anterograde Amnesia

●Do not encode (forget) new
information

Retrograde Amnesia

●Forget old information

Algorithms

●Step-by step procedure

Heuristics

●Rule of thumb

Confusing Pairs:

Cognition (Thinking & Language)

Representativeness Heuristics

●Make a judgement based on
what best matches your
prototype

●Similar to stereotypes

Availability Heuristics

●Make a judgement based on
most readily available
information

Confusing Pairs:

Cognition (Thinking & Language)

Phonemes

●Basic sound units

-b-a-t

Morpheme

●Basic units of meaning

-bat

-bat-s

Confusing Pairs:

Cognition (Thinking & Language)

Fluid Intelligence

●Speed; think abstractly

●Decrease with age

Crystallized Intelligence

●Acquired knowledge; wisdom

●Increase with age

Confusing Pairs:

Cognition (Intelligence & Testing)

Validity

●Test measures what it says it
measures

Reliability

●Consistency; same scores on
retests

Confusing Pairs:

Cognition (Intelligence & Testing)

Achievement Test

●Measure what an individual has
learned

Aptitude Test

●Measures what an individual
can do

Confusing Pairs:

Cognition (Intelligence & Testing)

Unit 6: Human
Development

7-9% of the AP Exam

Assimilation

●Fit new information into an old
schema

Accommodation

●Change scheme to fit in new
information

Confusing Pairs:

Motivation

Unit 7: MEP

11-15% of the AP Exam

Lateral Hypothalamus

●Stimulates hunger

●Tells us we’re hungry.

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

●Suppresses hunger

●Tells us we’re full.

Confusing Pairs:

Motivation

Intrinsic Motivation

●Internal: for personal
satisfaction

Theory Y

●democratic

Extrinsic Motivation

●External: to earn rewards or
avoid punishment

Theory X

●Rewards or punishments

Confusing Pairs:

Motivation

Internal Locus of Control

●I have control over my
environment.

External Locus of Control

●The environment controls me.

Confusing Pairs:

Motivation

Type A

●High stress

Type B

●Low stress

Confusing Pairs:

Motivation

● Two Sections

○ Multiple-Choice: 66.7% of Exam Score

■ 100 questions, 70 minutes (42 seconds per

question)

○ Free Response: 33.3% of Exam Score

■ 2 question, 50 minutes

● Question 1 - Concept Application (7 points)
● Question 2 - Research Design (7 points)

AP Psychology Exam Overview

● How do I answer the free response?
1. Read both questions: answer the easier one first.
2. Think with your pencil: jot down notes on the question.
3. Follow the SODAS format: this is a common format

proposed by AP Psych teachers around the country.
S. Space out your answer
O. Follow the Order of the question
D. Define the term
A. Apply it to the prompt
S. Use Synonyms

Free Response Questions

Unit 2: Bio

8-10% of the AP Exam

Nature

●Genetics

Nurture

●Environment

Confusing Pairs: Biological Bases

Identical

●Chemicals that mimic the
actions of neurotransmitters

Antagonists

●Chemicals that inhibit (oppose)
the action of neurotransmitters

Confusing Pairs: Biological Bases

Neurotransmitters

●Nervous system

Hormones

●Endocrine system

Confusing Pairs: Biological Bases

Afferent Neurons

●Sensory neurons

●Body to the brain

Efferent Neurons

●Motor neurons

●Brain to the body

Confusing Pairs: Biological Bases

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

●Tell the neuron to fire

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

●Tell the neuron to stop firing

Confusing Pairs: Biological Bases

Agonists

●Chemicals that mimic the
actions of neurotransmitters

Antagonists

●Chemicals that inhibit (oppose)
the action of neurotransmitters

Confusing Pairs: Biological Bases

Parasympathetic Nervous System

●Rest and digest

●Paradise / parachute

Sympathetic Nervous System

●Fight or flight

●

Confusing Pairs: Biological Bases

Left Brain

●Language and logic

Right Brain

●Creative and spatial

Confusing Pairs: Biological Bases

Broca’s Area

●Speaks (produces language)

Wernicke’s Area

●Listens (comprehends words)

●

Confusing Pairs: Biological Bases

Any Questions?

1. Think with your pencil. You may write in

your booklet.

2. Read the question. Try to answer the

question before looking at the responses.

3. Make an educated guess. If you are unsure,

take your best educated guess, mark it on
your scoresheet, and star the question in
your exam. If you have time, you can come
back to the question.

Let’s Review: Exam Tips

1. Utilize the spacing effect. Distribute

your studying over time. Studying 15
minutes every day over four days is
better than studying one day for an hour.
(Thanks, Ebbinghaus!)

2. Utilize the testing effect. I cannot

emphasize this enough: practice,
practice, practice. Take any practice test
you can: use your textbook, AP
Classroom, and Marco Learning!

Preparing for Test Day

Any Questions?

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