EOC- supporting standards review

STAAR review- supporting standards

Test Thursday May 4

​ALL cells have DNA

• DNA is a nucleic acid made up of repeating units called Nucleotides

• All DNA is made up of two strands. Each strand has a sugar (deoxyribose)-phosphate backbone.

• The two strands are held together by nitrogenous base pairs A-T or C-G

• The sequence of these bases is what determines the traits of that organism.

• The bases are held together with Hydrogen bonds

All your Somatic cells have the exact same DNA!

From the begining we are one cell (formed from sperm and egg)

When it divides it will create 2 daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell.

Then they divide and create 2 more daughter cells each that are identical.

​​Mitosis

This is a very complex process that causes the stem cells (un-specialized cells) to turn off or turn on specific genes to become a specialized cell like a red blood cell or muscle cell.

​​Cell differentiation

​Protein Synthesis

​Transcription: mRNA is transcribed from the DNA in the nucleus. The mRNA that is created is dependent on the DNA that is activated or turned on.

Translation: the mRNA will then go to the ribosome where is will be read and translated into a protein.

The protein created determines the traits that the cell has.

Multiple Choice

What is the role of mRNA in expressing specialized structures?

• making energy available for cellular activities

• providing information to form proteins

• producing sugars that assist with replication

• making energy available for cellular activities

Multiple Choice

When a stem cell divides, it produces two daughter cell. One daughter cell will remain a stem cell, while the other daughter cell will differentiate into a specialized cell.

Which factor will most directly determine what type of specialized cell will be produced?

• size of the cell

• length of the cell

• number of chromosomes

• the genes that are expressed

Multiple Choice

Environmental factors typically activate genes in a cell by causing the cell to _

• produce identical daughter cell through mitosis

• form haploid gamete cells through meiosis

• fuse with another cell to increase the size of its genome

• transcribe specific DNA segments to mRNA for translation

Environmental factors can sometimes affect what genes are turned on or turned off

examples include

Gene Expression

• temperature

• viruses

• what you put into your body

• hormones

Multiple Choice

Which conclusion about the production of the enzymes can be determined by analyzing the scientists' results?

• gene expression for the enzymes was controlled by the temperature of lactose

• genes for the enzymes were expressed in equal amounts during both experiments

• gene expression for the enzymes was controlled by the presence of lactose

• genes for the enzymes were mutated before being expressed

Multiple Choice

In the summer months, snowshoe hare coat color is typically brown. During the winter months the coat is typically white.

What statement describes the genetic basis for the seasonal change in coat color?

• The snow causes nutations in genes that regulate coat color

• The genes that control coat color are regulated by hormone signals that change when the weather changes

• Sunlight causes cancer to develop in the bodies of snowshoe hares resulting in brown coat color

• The genes that control coat color in snowshoe hares are deleted from the genome during the summer months

Meiosis is the process that creates our gametes (sex cells)

​Each gamete has 1/2 the number of chromosomes as our somatic cells and are all genetically different

Meiosis & Sexual reproduction

parts of the sister chromosomes cross each other and switch places creating different combinations of alleles and genetic variation for the gametes

crossing over

when chromosomes line up in metaphase they line up independent of each other resulting in a variety of combinations in the gametes

​​Indpendent assortment

Multiple Choice

Which of these is the most likely result of the process shown in the diagram?

• Gametes will contain new allele combinations

• chromosome replication will cease to avoid errors

• offspring will no longer express traits from previous generations

• chromatids will have less genetic variety

Multiple Choice

Gametes produced by an organism contain a combinationo f genes from that organism. In every gamete, this combination is --

• the same because it is created from the same DNA

• The same because chromosomes are copied prior to meiosis

• different due to DNA replication prior to mitosis

• different due to independent assortment during meiosis

a group of fossils that have been analyzed and arranged chronologically.

Fossil Record

​The slow change in an organism over time. A gradual change. As seen in the butterflies on the left.

gradualism

Stasis is a long period of time with no change, then boom, a sudden change occurs (punctuated), and then back to stasis.

punctuated equilibrium & stasis

A mechanism of evolution that results in organisms who are better adapted to that environment survive and pass on those traits causing eventual change in a population.

​Natural Selection

A change in the frequency of a gene in a population due to a random event.

i.e. lightening strike, meteor shower, fire

​

​Genetic Drift

The movement of genes into or out of a population due to migration.

Gene Flow

creates genetic variation in the population. If the mutation is beneficial it will be passed on via natural selection eventually leading to evolution in the population.

​

​Mutations can result in Evolution

creates variation in gene combinations in gametes. This increases the chance for natural selection resulting in the evolution of a population.

​

​Recombination

aka

Crossing over

Multiple Choice

Periods of slow change interrupted by periods of rapid change with few, if any transitional fossils, best describes--

• natural selection

• genetic drift

• punctuated equilibrium

• gene flow

Multiple Choice

Farmers spray pesticides on their plants to protect plants from insects. Some insects have a mutation that makes them resistant to the toxin. What is the most likely result?

• The resistant insects are able to survive to reproduce and create a population that is also resistant.

• The resistant insects eat the contaminated surface and leave the rest for the others.

• The resistant insects grow larger and eat less of the plants

• The resistant insects change the toxin on the plants, making it safe for others

Multiple Choice

Cross-pollination of flowers from different populations of the same species will most likely result in --

• gene flow as new alleles are introduced

• evolution of a different species as alleles mix

• hybrid sterility as gametes from different individuals are incompatible

• a decrease of genetic variation among individuals

​​Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration

• mitochondria uses oxygen to produce ATP

• mitochondria uses glucose to produce ATP

• produces carbon dioxide and water

• increases during high activity like exercise

• Uses carbon dioxide

• Uses water

• uses sunlight

• makes glucose and oxygen

• occurs in the chloroplast of plant cells

chemical energy in glucose is converted into chemical energy in ATP

Uses oxygen gas and releases carbon dioxide gas

​Cellular Respiration

photosynthesis

Energy conversions

​Solar energy is converted in chemical energy in glucose

Uses carbon dioxide gas and releases oxygen gas

Drag and Drop

What are the products of teh cellular processes in these organelles?

I ​

Placeholder

II ​

Placeholder

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

Carbon dioxide and water

Glucose and Oxygen

glucose and carbon dioxide

oxygen and water

carbon dioxide and oxygen

Multiple Choice

Which of these accurately describes the energy needs for photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

• solar energy is needed for cellular respiration but not for photosynthesis

• Chemical energy in the form of glucose is needed for both cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

• chemical energy in the form of glucose is needed for photosynthesis, and solar energy is needed for cellular respiration.

• Solar energy is needed for photosynthesis, and chemical energy in the form of glucose is needed for cellular respiration

Multiple Choice

When mammals get an infection, their internal body temperature often rises 2-3 degrees Celsius. The body gets the energy it needs to react to an infection by_

• increasing the rate of cellular division

• decreasing the rate of glucose movement in the cell

• increasing the rate of cellular respiration in the mitochondria

• decreasing the rate at which carbon dioxide is removed from the cell

​Enzymes

• Catalyze chemical reactions in organisms

• Are proteins

• Are specific to just 1 substrate

• The enzyme and substrate fit together like a lock and key

• Some reactions in our bodies won't occur without the enzyme. i.e. converting lactose into glucose

the shape of the enzyme can be changed by:

temperature changes

pH changes

Salinity changes

If the shape changes it will no longer work properly because the substrae will not fit

​

​Denaturing the enzyme

Multiple Choice

Which model best represents the molecules at the end of the reaction with the enzyme and substrate?

Multiple Choice

For an enzyme to be able to catalyze a reaction, the active site must _

• have a complementary shape to the substrae

• increase the activation energy level

• cause the enzyme to be destroyed in the reaction

• be occupied by an inhibitor

Multiple Choice

Enzymes are proteins that have a three-dimensional shape that is specific to a particular substrate. Environmental conditions can change the shape of the protein. What is the most likely result if the shape of the enzyme changes?

• The substrate will change its shape to match the enzyme.

• The enzyme will no longer be able to catalyze the reaction with the substrate.

• The products made from the enzyme and the substrate will be changed.

• The enzyme will be able to bind to more diverse substrates than before.

Multiple Choice

Which of these describes a community?

• Praying matises caring for their young

• different species of lizards occupying the same niche in a desser

• Three-spined sticklebacks living in estuaries

• Roosting mother bats recognizing their offspring

Multiple Choice

Which sequence represents the levels of organization found in a multicellular organism, from smallest to largest?

• integumentary system- skin- skin cell- hair- sweat glands

• lung tissue- trachea- nostrils- circulatory system

• muscle cell- muscle tissue- biceps muscle- muscular system

• heart- cardiac muscle- muscle tissue- muscle cell

​​Bacteria

• ​decomposers

• used in antibiotics and vaccinations

• help cycle nutrients

​​Fungi

• ​decomposers

• oxygen producers

• source of food

• symbiotic relationships

​​Protists

But some micro organisms can cause diseases

​​harmful also

​Helpful microorgansims

• helps with digestion

• helps functioning of immune system

• decomposers

• fix nitrogen

Multiple Choice

Which role of protists has the most positive effect on maintaining the plant population in an ecosystem?

• protists decompose dead materials, returing nutrients to the soil

• protists found in the gut of animals assist in digestion

• protists are a major food source for animals

• protists produce approximately 75% of the oxygen on Earth

Multiple Choice

A student researching bacteria concluded a report with the claim that all bacteria disrupt the health of organisms they inhabit.

Which statement correctly addresses the validity of the claim?

• The claim is valid because many studies have shown that bacteria disrupt homeostasis

• The claim is invalid because there are many types of bacteria that help organisms maintain homeostasis

• The claim is invalid because only microorganisms such as viruses disrupt the health of organisms

• The claim is valid because bacteria cause disease

​Plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

Consumers put it back in

Decomposers are essential to break down organisms and create fossel fuels

​

Carbon cycle

​Needed by plants from the soil to grow and develop (proteins)

microorganisms must first fix the nitrogen - nitrogen fixation

Consumers get nitrogen from eating plants

​

Nitrogen Cycle

​Nitrogen is needed to make amino acids which form proteins

Multiple Choice

What would be the most likely effect of a wildfire that burned a large area of a forest?

• more sugars and starches would be available for animals in the area

• the availability of fossil fuels for use would be reduced

• less carbon dioxide would be removed from the atmosphere in the area by plants

• an increase in animal respiration would increase the release of carbon dioxide in the area

Multiple Choice

You have an aquarium with fish. The nitrogen levels are too high. What organism could you add to remove the nitrogen naturally?

• Bacteria, they eat nitrogen

• more fish to take in the nitrogen

• plants will use the nitrogen

• decomposers to breakdown the dead fish