Review on Hydrological Cycle and the Elements of Weather

WELCOME TO

GEOGRAPHY CLASS

WITH MR DALEY

Instructions

About this Activity

This activity will allow you to review on the content we have covered so far under the topics Hydrological Cycle and the Elements of Weather. You can make notes concerning the topics seen and should complete all activities in between the content.

Describe how
temperature changes
at each process of the
cycle.

4

3

2

1

5

• 1 – Insolation

• 2 – Evaporation

• 3 – Condensation

• 4 - Precipitation

• 5 – Surface Runoff

TEMP RISES

TEMP FALLS

What is the name

of the Cycle…

Water Cycle or Hydrological

Cycle - the continuous

movement of water on above or

below the surface of land.

Water never leaves the Earth. It

is constantly being cycled

through the atmosphere, ocean,

and land.

4

3

2

1

5

Processes Involved

(On The Surface Vs Underground)

EVAPORATION

This is when warmth from

the sun causes water from

oceans, lakes, streams, ice

and soils to rise into the air

and turn into water vapour

(gas). Water vapour droplets

join together to make

clouds.

CONDENSATION

This is when water
vapour in the air cools
down and turns back
into liquid water.

Water vapor condenses
to form dew, fog or
clouds.

Condensation takes
place due to cooling of
air.

PRECIPITATION

This is when water (in
the form of rain, snow,
hail or sleet) falls from
clouds in the sky and
reach the ground.

Precipitated water may
fall into water bodies or
on land.

It can then go to streams
or penetrate into the soil.

SURFACE RUNOFF

Water that travels on the

surface and fills up bodies of

water.

Runoff is precipitation that did

not get absorbed into the soil,

or did not evaporate.

Runoff causes erosion, and also

carry chemicals and substances

on the ground surface.

Multiple Choice

As a part of the water cycle, water from Earth's surface enters the clouds and finally falls back to the ground in the form of rain. What is the correct sequence of processes water undergoes?

• Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation

• Precipitation, Condensation, Evaporation

• Condensation, Evaporation, Precipitation

• Evaporation, Precipitation, Condensation

Multiple Choice

The image shows various stages in the water cycle. During which stage does water flow back towards the sea as runoff?

• W

• X

• Y

• Z

Multiple Choice

Condensation occurs when water vapor_____________.

• heats up and becomes liquid water

• cools off and becomes liquid water

• freezes and becomes ice

• rains on the land

Multiple Choice

The process when plants release water vapor from their leaves is called _____________.

• precipitation

• evaporation

• transpiration

• condensation

Multiple Choice

What step of the water cycle occurs when clouds become too heavy? 

• Condensation

• Runoff

• Precipitation

• Evaporation

Multiple Choice

What is the process during which water cools and turns from a gas to a liquid?

• Condensation

• Runoff

• Precipitation

• Evaporation

Multiple Choice

Which best explains why runoff is important?

• It returns water to other locations on Earth

• It increases the chance of flooding

• It makes evaporation occur faster

• It increases condensation

Multiple Choice

The water cycle has

• a beginning and an end. 

• no beginning an no end. 

• only a beginning. 

• only an end. 

Multiple Choice

What step of the water cycle does this picture show?

• Condensation

• Runoff

• Precipitation

• Evaporation

Multiple Choice

What source of energy evaporates the most water from Earth’s surface?

• volcanoes

• the sun

• lightning

• wind

Multiple Choice

What is precipitation?

• Sweat from our bodies on hot days

• Warm rain but not cold snow or sleet

• Gas that we use in furnaces or ovens

• Any form of water that falls from the sky

Multiple Choice

When water changes from a liquid to a solid it is known as...

• melting.

• condensation.

• freezing.

• evaporation.

Multiple Choice

In which area would the rate of evaporation be the lowest?

• Over the ocean

• Over the mountains

• Over the rainforest

• Over the desert

Multiple Choice

An underground layer of sand, gravel or rock that stores and carries water

• water table

• water cycle

• aquifer

• Infiltration

Multiple Choice

Turns frozen water into water vapors - skipping the melting stage

• Sublimation

• Percolation

• Transpiration

• Evaporation

Multiple Choice

Water running off the land surface

• Evaporation

• Sublimation

• Transpiration

• Run-off

Multiple Choice

When clouds get too heavy and water falls back to earth in the form of rain, snow, hail or other forms.

• Precipitation

• Evaporation

• Percolation

• Transpiration

Multiple Choice

What are formed when water vapor condenses and come together?

• Clouds

• Mountains

• Transpiration

• Valleys

Elements of Weather and their instruments and Unit of
Measurements

Weather
Element

Instrument

Units of Measurement

Temperature

Thermometer

Celsius (°C) or Fahrenheit (°F)

Air pressure

Barometer

Pascals (Pa), inches of mercury (inHg), or millibars (mb)

Wind speed

Anemometer
Miles per hour (mph), kilometers per hour (km/h), or meters per
second (m/s)

Wind direction

Wind Vane

Degrees (°) or compass directions (north, south, east, west)

Humidity

Hygrometer

Percentage (%) or grams of water per cubic meter (g/m³)

Precipitation

Rain gauge

Inches (in) or millimeters (mm)

Cloud cover

Ceilometer

Oktas (0-8 scale) or percentage (%)

Sunshine

Sunshine Recorder

Duration of Sunshine (hours per day)

Temperature - Element of

Weather

Factors which influence Temperature

Latitude
The further away from the equator, the colder the temperature. The angle of the sun's rays is
lower at higher latitudes.

Altitude
As altitude increases, temperature decreases because the air becomes less dense and cannot
hold heat as well.

Distance from
the sea

Coastal areas have more moderate temperatures because the sea has a stabilizing effect on
temperature. Inland areas have more extreme temperature changes.

Ocean currents
The temperature of ocean currents affects the temperature of coastal areas. Warm ocean
currents bring warmer temperatures, while cold ocean currents bring cooler temperatures.

Air masses
The temperature of air masses affects the temperature of an area. Cold air masses bring
colder temperatures, while warm air masses bring warmer temperatures.

Cloud cover

Clouds can act as a blanket, trapping heat near the surface and causing warmer
temperatures. On the other hand, clear skies allow heat to escape, resulting in cooler
temperatures.

Precipitation (Rainfall) -

Element of Weather

Types of Rainfall

There are THREE (3) types of Rainfall:

Type of Rainfall

Definition

Convectional
Rainfall

Occurs when the sun heats the surface of the earth, causing the air
above it to rise and cool. As the air cools, water vapor condenses and
forms clouds. Eventually, the clouds become heavy and release rain.

Orographic
Rainfall

Occurs when moist air is forced up over a mountain range. As the air
rises, it cools and condenses, resulting in rainfall on the windward side
of the mountain. The air then descends on the leeward side of the
mountain, creating a dry region known as a rain shadow.

Frontal Rainfall

Occurs when two air masses with different temperatures and densities
meet. The warmer, less dense air rises over the cooler, denser air,
resulting in the formation of clouds and precipitation.

Types of Rainfall

Convectional Rainfall

Multiple Choice

Climate is largely described by which conditions:

• Fauna and flora

• Temperature and precipitation

• humidity and pressure

• hurricanes and tornadoes

Multiple Choice

Which of the following will heat the fastest?

• water

• land

• both heat at equal rates

Multiple Choice

Away from the equator____________.

• The sun’s rays hit at an angle and spread out.

• The sun's rays are so far that barely hit the earth.

• The sun's rays are more concentrated

Multiple Choice

Large bodies of water affect climate of the land next to them because

• water heats up and cools more slowly than land

• water heats up and cools faster than land

• water and land cool at the same time

• You can freshen up in the ocean

Multiple Choice

What kind of precipitation is formed when water falls from the clouds and lands on the ground as liquid water?

• Hail

• Sleet

• Rain

• Snow

Multiple Choice

When cold and warm air masses interact lifting is cause by

• convection

• convergence

• fronts

• topography

Multiple Choice

Lifting when air encounters a mountain is due to

• convection

• convergence

• fronts

• topography

Multiple Choice

Rising thermals with cooler surrounding air is called

• convection

• convergence

• fronts

• topography

Multiple Choice

Precipitation is when

• the sun heats up water and turns it into water vapor

• water droplets become too heavy and fall from the atmosphere

• water gathers in rivers or streams and then flows into the ocean and lakes.

Wind and

Atmospheric

Pressure

Summary and Review

Wind as an Element of

Weather

Definition of Key Terms

and Concepts

Key Terms

Air in motion refers to the movement of air molecules in the Earth's

atmosphere, which can be caused by differences in air pressure, temperature,

and other factors.

Wind as an element of weather refers to the natural movement of air in the

Earth's atmosphere, which can be felt as a breeze or a gust of wind. Wind is an

important factor in weather patterns and can influence temperature, humidity,

and precipitation.

Different Types of Winds

Winds of the World (write all)

1.

Trade Winds: The trade winds are easterly winds that blow towards
the equator from the subtropical high-pressure belts.

2.

Westerlies: The westerlies are prevailing winds that blow from the
west to the east in the mid-latitudes of the Earth's atmosphere.

3.

Polar Easterlies: The polar easterlies are cold winds that blow from
the polar high-pressure zones towards the lower latitudes.

4.

Monsoons: Monsoons are seasonal winds that bring heavy rainfall to
certain regions of the world. They are caused by temperature
differences between land and sea and are important for agriculture
and water management in regions such as India and Southeast Asia.

5.

Jet Stream: The jet stream is a narrow band of strong winds that
flows from west to east in the upper atmosphere.

Cause of Winds

Causes of Wind

Causes of Wind

Description

Example (related to the Caribbean)

Convection

The uneven heating of the Earth's
surface causes air to rise, cool and
fall, creating wind.

The hot air rising over the Caribbean Sea and the
cooler air moving in to replace it creates the trade
winds.

Pressure Gradient
Force

Air flows from high-pressure areas
to low-pressure areas, creating wind.

The pressure difference between the Atlantic High and
the Caribbean Low creates the easterly winds that blow
across the Caribbean region.

Coriolis Effect

The rotation of the Earth causes the
deflection of wind to the right in the
Northern Hemisphere and to the left
in the Southern Hemisphere.

The trade winds blowing from the east are deflected to
the right in the Northern Hemisphere, causing them to
blow towards the west across the Caribbean.

Friction

The drag created by the Earth's
surface slows down wind.

The trade winds weaken and become more variable
over the Caribbean islands because of the increased
friction caused by the islands' rough terrain.

Atmospheric

Pressure

Summary

Key Terms and Concepts

Key Terms and Concepts related to
Atmospheric Pressure

●

Atmospheric pressure: The force exerted by the weight of the
atmosphere at any point on the Earth's surface.

●

Barometer: An instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure,
typically using mercury or aneroid capsules.

●

Isobar: A line on a map that connects points of equal atmospheric
pressure.

●

High-pressure system: An area where the atmospheric pressure is
higher than the surrounding air, resulting in dry and clear weather.

●

Low-pressure system: An area where the atmospheric pressure is
lower than the surrounding air, resulting in cloudy and potentially
stormy weather.

High Pressure Versus Low Pressure Systems

High Pressure System

Low Pressure System

Anticyclonic Conditions

Cyclonic Conditions

Air descends and compresses

Air rises and expands

Results in clear skies and fair weather. Results in cloudy skies and unsettled

weather

Associated with dry weather

Associated with wet weather

Winds blow clockwise and outward

Winds blow counterclockwise and inward

Higher atmospheric pressure at the Lower atmospheric pressure at the center

center

Generally stable and predictable

Can be unstable and unpredictable

Multiple Choice

On a cold, cloudy day, the local weather forecaster predicts that a high-pressure system will be moving into the area in the next 24 hours. Which weather conditions will this system most likely bring to the area?

• stormy

• sunny

• snowy

• hot

Multiple Choice

Which kind of weather change will occur with an increase in air pressure?

• cooler and dryer

• colder and rainier

• hotter and stormier

• warmer and moister

Multiple Choice

Why do scientists collect data about the amount of water vapor in the air?

• to determine humidity levels

• to monitor evaporation rates

• to predict wind speed and direction

• to determine atmospheric pressure

Multiple Choice

Which correctly compares low- and high-pressure weather systems?

• A low-pressure system usually brings cool dry air and clear skies, while a high-pressure system brings clouds and precipitation.

• A low-pressure system usually brings clouds and precipitation, while a high-pressure system brings cool dry air and clear skies.

• A low-pressure system usually brings warm dry air and clear skies, while a high-pressure system usually brings warm moist air and precipitation.

Multiple Choice

In the morning, Carlos noticed that the air pressure reading on the barometer was beginning to drop. What kind of weather can he most likely expect in the evening?

• The weather will be cloudy with a chance of rain.

• The weather will be warmer with clear skies.

• The weather will be clear and windy.

• The weather will be sunny and cool.

Multiple Choice

Which weather pattern has the most influence on the weather in North Carolina?

• polar easterlies

• polar westerlies

• prevailing easterlies

• prevailing westerlies

Multiple Choice

Which instrument is used to record average precipitation?

• rain gauge

• barometer

• anemometer

Multiple Choice

Which of these actions causes wind?

• rotation of Earth on its axis

• movement of air from water to land

• uneven heating of Earth’s surface

• air passing Earth as it revolves around the Sun

Multiple Choice

Which tool is used to measure air pressure?

• anemometer

• barometer

• rain gauge

• thermometer

Multiple Choice

The forecast said a high pressure system will arrive this weekend. Benito and his friends want to go camping. Should they plan to go?

• Yes, the high pressure system will create clear, sunny skies.

• No, the high pressure system will create storm clouds and tornadoes.

• Yes, the high pressure system will create skies filled with cumulus clouds.

• No, the high pressure system will increase humidity and cause rain clouds to form.