BIO 102 Test 2 Study Guide

BIO 102 Test 2 Study Guide

Chapter 21 - Protists

Multiple Choice

What is a protist?

• Multicellular animal

• Multicellular plant

• Unicellular prokaryote

• Unicellular eukaryote

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is not evidence for the endosymbiotic theory?

• mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own ribosomes

• Mitochondria and chloroplasts both have their own DNA

• Mitochondria and chloroplasts both have two membranes

• Mitochondria and chloroplasts both have flagella

Endosymbiotic Theory

Multiple Choice

What are a diverse group of photoautotrophic protists that synthesize organic compounds via photosynthesis?

• algae

• bacteria

• molds

• yeasts

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is not a characteristic of Excavata?

• Either free-living or parasitic

• Flagellated

• May cause trypanosomiasis or leishmaniasis

• Multicellular

Multiple Choice

Which is NOT apart of the Chromalveolata supergroup?

• Diatoms

• Dinoflagellates

• Red Algae

• Brown Algae

Supergroup Chromalveolata

Multiple Choice

Traits of amoebozoan amoebas include...

• living in marine water, freshwater, and soil

• single-celled heterotrophs that perform asexual reproduction

• having lobose pseudopods with NO fixed body shape

• all of the above

Multiple Select

Characteristics of Supergroup Archaeplastida.

• All photosynthetic, fix CO₂, store carbohydrates as starch

• Most display an alternation of generations

• Examples of chlorophyes: chlamy, volvox

• Example of charophytes: spirogyra

Multiple Choice

What are diatoms?

• Bacillariophyceae that create sedimentary rock (diatomaceous earth)

• Calcium carbonate producing microbes

• Silicon dioxide bipartite shell (Frustule) forming microbes

• a key source of food in all aquatic environment

• all of the answers are correct

Multiple Choice

What are dinoflagellates?

• algae

• whiplike tails of dinosaurs

• bacteria

• amoebas

Multiple Choice

What are dinoflagellates?

• unicellular organisms that have a stiff plate of armor

• things that have two flagella and glow

• they twirl

• all of the above

Chapter 22 - Fungi

Multiple Choice

What supergroup has over 140,000 species of fungi and are mostly multicellular eukaryotes that share a common mode of nutrition?

• Opisthokonta

• Excavata

• Archaeplastida

• Chromalveolata

Multiple Choice

What are fungi?

• consumers

• decomposers

• producers

Multiple Select

How do fungi eat?

• absorb nutrients from sugars

• absorb nutrients from decaying organic matter

• absorb nutrients from enzymes

• absorb nutrients from saprotrophic nutrition

Multiple Choice

What is NOT a classification of yeast?

• Fungi

• Eukaryotic

• Plantae

• Saccharomycetes

Multiple Select

The three parts of a fungus include:

• cell wall

• hyphae

• mycelium

• chloroplasts

​Fungus Anatomy

• ​Fruiting Body: A reproductive structure that grows out of the mycelium in the soil.

• Hyphae: Thread-like tubes that make up the body of a fungus

• Mycelium: A root-like structure consisting of a mass of branching hyphae.

Multiple Choice

What is the difference between septate hyphae and non-septate hyphae?

• One has walls while the other doesn't

• They are the same thing

• One extends further out than the other on Asomycota

• One has walls between cells while the other doesn't

Sexual Reproduction in Fungi - Three steps

The three steps of sexual reproduction in fungi:

1. ​Plasmogamy

2. Karyogamy

3. Meiosis

Sexual Reproduction in Fungi - Part 1 (Plasmogamy)

• During sexual reproduction, haploid hyphae from two different mating types fuse. This is called plasmogamy. If nuclei do not fuse immediately, the resulting hypha is dikaryotic (two haploid nuclei coexist in a single cell).

Sexual Reproduction in Fungi - Part 2 (karyogamy)

• During Karyogamy, the haploid nuclei fuse to a diploid zygote nucleus.

Sexual Reproduction in Fungi - Part 3
(meiosis)

• Meiosis takes place in the gametangia organs, which produces spores

• The spores will land on the ground and develop into the different mating types of hyphae.

Fungi Classification

Multiple Choice

Are all fungi harmful?

• Yes

• No

Multiple Choice

What is Candida albicans?

• yeast fungus

• bacteria

• virus

• algae

Multiple Choice

The fungus penicillium produces _____ that saves peoples lives

• pain relievers

• fever reducers

• diuretics

• antibiotics

Chapter 23 - Plant Evolution and Diversity

Multiple Choice

What is true of charophytes?

• They are examples of seedless vascular plants

• They are the ancestors of green algae.

• They are the closest living algal relatives of land plants.

• They have sporopollenin and alternation of generations

Classification of Land Plants

Alternation of Generations in Land Plants

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is TRUE of sporophyte plants?

• They are very tiny in the gymnosperm group of plants

• They start out (grow up from) spores

• They produce haploid gametes

• They produce haploid spores

Multiple Choice

The gametophyte

• is the mature plant

• creates gametes

• creates spores

• creates seeds

• In nonvascular plants, the gametophyte is dominant.

• In the vascular plants, the sporophyte is dominant.

• The shift to sporophyte dominance is an adaptation to life on land.

• As the sporophyte gains dominance, the gametophyte becomes microscopic and dependent on the sporophyte.

​Plants differ in which generation (the gametophyte or sporophyte) is dominant

Non-Vascular Plants - Seedless Plants (Bryophytes)

Multiple Select

Bryophytes include:

• Mosses

• Liverworts

• Hornworts

• Ferns

Multiple Choice

Which is true regarding bryophytes (mosses)?

• Mosses have no roots

• Mosses lack stomata

• Mosses do not require nitrogen

• Mosses lack cellulose

• First plants to colonize land.

• Nonvascular, no true roots, stems and leaves

• Have root-like, stemlike and leaflike structures

• Have an alternation of generations lifecycle

• Have a cuticle for protection

• Three kinds: liverworts, hornworts and mosses

​Bryophytes

Vascular Plants - Seedless Plants (Lycophytes and Pterophytes)

Multiple Choice

What does xylem do?

• Move water and minerals

• Move food

• Support the plant

• Make food

Multiple Choice

What does phloem do?

• Move water and nutrients

• Moves sucrose from the leaves to all parts of the plant

• Support the plant

• Make food

• Primitive vascular plants

• Oldest living vascular plants on Earth

• Have vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)

• Small plants

• Scale-like leaves arranged spirally called microphylls

• Reproduce using spores

Lycophytes

Multiple Select

Which one(s) of these are lycophytes?

• spike moss

• club moss

• quillwort

• fern

Multiple Choice

What is pollination?

• Process that causes a plant to produce flowers.

• Adaptation of plants that help spread seeds over an area.

• Process of plants producing pollen.

• Movement of pollen from male to female part of the flower.

Multiple Choice

Pteridophytes are ______

• seedless vascular plants

• plants without spores

• non vascular plants

• plants with seeds

• Referred to as ferns and their relatives

• Vascular plants (have xylem and phloem)

• Larger than mosses and liverworts

• Reproduce by spores; Spores found in sporangia

• Exhibit alternation of generations

• Leaves are called fronds

• Must live in moist environment for sperm to swim to egg

​Pteridophytes

• Lycophytes include:

• Clubmosses

• Spike mosses

• Quillworts
  

Lycophyte Classification

Multiple Choice

What generation of the fern life cycle is haploid?

• gametophyte

• sporophyte

Multiple Choice

What generation of the fern life cycle is diploid?

• gametophyte

• sporophyte

Vascular Plants - Seeded plants (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

Multiple Choice

____________ are mature ovules containing embryonic sporophyte and stored food enclosed in a protective seed coat.

• seeds

• pollen grains

• embryos

• spores

• Vascular plant

• Produces seeds without enclosing them in fruit

• Have naked seeds - are exposed on the surface of cone scales or other structures

• Oldest and largets trees are conifers

Gymnosperm

Four major Gymnosperm plant families: Conifers (Coniferophyta) includes pine, spruce, fir and cedar

• Have needle-like or scale-like leaves

• Produce cones as their reproductive structures

Gymnosperm

Four major Gymnosperm plant families: Cycad (Cycadophyta)

• Ancient

• Tropical or subtropical plants that resemble palm trees

• Have large, compound leaves and produce cones.

Gymnosperm

Four major Gymnosperm plant families: Ginkgoes (Ginkophyta)

• Ginkgo biloba is the only living species in this group.

• Have distinctive fan-shaped leaves

• Produce seeds covered by a fleshy, foul smelling outer layer

Gymnosperm

Four major Gymnosperm plant families: Gnetophytes (Gentophyta)

• Plants like Ephedra, Welwitschia and Gnetum

• Diverse forms and reproductive structures.

• Share characteristics with both angiosperms and other gymnosperms

Gymnosperm

Multiple Choice

What are gymnosperms?

• Seeds that are not surrounded by a fruit

• Blossom of a plant

• Organisms that do not make their own food

• Seeds that are surrounded by a fruit

Multiple Choice

Cycads and gnetophytes belong to the group of seed plants known as ...

• Gymnosperms

• Bryophytes

• Angiosperms

• Sporophytes

• Vascular plant

• Seeds enclosed in a protective structure called a fruit.

• Most diverse and widespread group of plants on earth

• Called "flowering plants" - they produce flowers as their reproductive structures

​Angiosperms

Flower parts:

• Sepals: green leaflike parts that enclose the petals

• Petals - brightly colored; attracts pollinators

• Stamens: Male reproductive organ produces pollen

• Carpels: Female reproductive organ produces eggs

​Angiosperms

1. Sporophyte Generation (2n): dominant generation - sporophyte is the mature, plant which produces flowers as its reproductive structures

2. Pollination: Pollen is transferred from the stamen to the carpel of a flower. Pollen lands on stigma

3. Fertilization: The fusion of a haploid (n) sperm cell from the pollen with a haploid (n) egg cell in the ovule. Forms a diploid (2n) zygote.

​Angiosperm Life Cycle

4. Seed Formation: The zygote develops into a multicellular embryo within the ovule. the ovule matures into a seed. The embryo is protected by a seed coat.

5. Fruit Development: The ovary of the carpel develops into a fruit surrounding the seed.

6. Seed Dispersal: The mature fruit, with seeds inside, may be dispersed by various means, such as wind, animals or water.

7. Germination: The seed will germinate and grow into a new sporophyte

​Angiosperm Life Cycle

Multiple Choice

What are Angiosperms?

• Flowering plant that has seeds that are surrounded by fruit

• Plant that produces seeds that are not surrounded by fruit

Multiple Choice

Female Flower Parts

• pistil

• stamen

• anther

• filament

Multiple Select

In angiosperm life cycle, fertilization produces what?

• a diploid zygote

• a triploid endosperm

• a pollen grain

• a haploid zygote

Multiple Choice

Apical Meristems are located at the tip of the roots and shoots are responsible for the...

• Elongation of the Plant

• Thickness of the Plant

• Growing flowers

• There are no Apical Meristems in Plants

Multiple Choice

The vascular cambium . . .

• Adds layers of secondary xylem (wood) & secondary phloem

• Replaces the epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher

• Is a part of Apical Meristems

• Adds primary xylem

Match

Match the following

• forms the outer protective covering

• fills the interior of the plant

• transports water and nutrients and provides support

Epidermal tissue

Ground tissue

Vascular tissue

• Epidermal tissue

• Ground tissue

• Vascular tissue

Multiple Choice

What is the cork cambium?

• lateral meristem, responsible for secondary growth that replaces epidermis

• apical meristem, responsible for primary growth that replaces epidermis

• apical meristem, responsible for secondary growth that replaces epidermis

• lateral meristem, responsible for primary growth that replaces epidermis

Match

Match the plant tissues:

• Most common plant tissue; functions in photosynthesis, food storage and structural support.

• Provides flexible support to plants undergoing active growth;

• Provides rigidity and strength to plant parts that have complete their growth like mature stems

parenchyma

collenchyma

sclerenchyma

• parenchyma

• collenchyma

• sclerenchyma

Multiple Choice

Monocots have one cotyledon used for __________ inside their seeds.

• water storage

• protection

• support

• food storage

Multiple Choice

Monocot roots have:

• a taproot

• fibrous roots

• root nodules

Multiple Choice

Monocots are flowering plants that have:

• Criss-crossing veins in their leaves

• Two cotyledons

• Petals in multiples of three

• Petals in multiples of four or five

Monocots Vs Dicots

Multiple Choice

A biennial plant takes 2 years to complete its full growth and reproduction cycle

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Perennial plants:

• Grow for one season

• Grow for two seasons

• Grow year after year

• Never germinate

Multiple Choice

Annual plants:

• Grow for one season

• Grow for two seasons

• Grow year after year

• Never germinate

• ​Blade: wide portion of the lea

• Petiole: The stalk that attaches the blade to the stem

• Cuticle: A waxy cuticle covers the walls of epidermal cells, minimizing water loss and protecting against bacteria.

• Epidermis: Epidermis is an outer protective covering tissue of plant roots, leaves, and stems of nonwoody plants.

• Palisade mesophyll: Layer of mesophyll containing elongated parenchyma cells with many chloroplasts.

​Leaf Cross-Section

• Spongy mesophyll: Layer that contains loosely packed parenchyma cells that increase the surface area for gas exchange.

• Vein: Leaf veins are vascular bundles within a leaf.

• Stomata: Openings in the leaf epidermis that allows carbon dioxide into the leaf and allows oxygen and some water to leave the leaf.

​Leaf Cross-Section

Multiple Choice

What is the role of the stomata?

• To transport water to the leaves

• To allow gases into and out of the leaves

• To transport sugar around the plant

• To allow excess glucose out of the leaves

Multiple Choice

A petiole:

• attaches a leaf to a branch

• is a tube like bud

• contains pollen

• attaches branches to a tree

Multiple Choice

This single layer of the plant leaf is under the cuticle.

• guard cell

• stomata

• epidermis

• palisade mesophyll

Multiple Choice

The cuticle of a leaf:

• protects the leaf and prevents water loss

• moves materials in the leaf

• allows gases to circulate in the leaf

• performs photosynthesis

Multiple Choice

Which number is the palisade mesophyll?

• 3

• 4

• 8

• 11

Multiple Choice

Why is spongy mesophyll called "spongy"?

• It has air gaps in between cells

• It soaks up water

• You can use it to clean things

• It is soft and squishy