Untitled Lesson

Multiple Choice

a name word

• noun

• pronoun

• adverb

• adjective

PARTS OF SPEECH

Module 5

Lesson 5.1: Name Words

■

Name words or nouns refer to names of persons, places, animals, things and events.

■

In any language, name words are often used as subjects of the sentences and they have
number, kind, and gender.

1.

Nouns are names of persons, places, animals, things and events.

2.

Nouns can be common or proper.

3.

Nouns can be count nouns or common nouns

4.

Nouns can be determined whether they are singular or plural through several
forms:
a)

Most nouns add mga to signify that they are plural.

b)

To determine whether nouns are in singular or plural form, grammatical
particles are used.

c)

Nouns referring to relationships are determined as singular or plural through
their affixes.

5.

Nouns have gender, too.

PARTS OF SPEECH

Module 5

Lesson 5.1: Name Words

■

Name words or nouns refer to names of persons, places, animals, things and events.

■

In any language, name words are often used as subjects of the sentences and they have
number, kind, and gender.

1.

Nouns are names of persons, places, animals, things and events.

2.

Nouns can be common or proper.

3.

Nouns can be count nouns or common nouns

4.

Nouns can be determined whether they are singular or plural through several
forms:
a)

Most nouns add mga to signify that they are plural.

b)

To determine whether nouns are in singular or plural form, grammatical
particles are used.

c)

Nouns referring to relationships are determined as singular or plural through
their affixes.

5.

Nouns have gender, too.

Lesson 5.2: Pronouns

■ A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun or noun phrase.

■ Hiligaynon, like any other Austronesian language, does not have

gender too. Instead, pronouns are categorized according to their kind
and use.
1. Tal-us nga Pangalan sa Tawo (Personal Pronouns)
2. Tal-us nga Pangaln sa Pagtudlo (Demonstrative Pronouns)
3. Tal-us nga Pangalan sa Pagpamangkot (Interrogative Pronouns)

Lesson 5.3: Action Words

■

Actions words or verbs are words that specifically describe what the subject of the
sentence is doing.

■

In a Philippine language like Hiligaynon, formation and use of action words are
dependent on the focus and aspect.

■

The verb focus refers to the relation between the action and one of the participants
in the action. There are 6 action focuses:

1.

Actor focus
•

Indicates that the actor of the action is the topic of the sentence.

•

Signaled by – um-

Ex. Lumangoy si Lina sa baybay.

2.

Goal focus
•

The topic of the sentence is the object which receives the action

•

Signaled by the suffix –on

•

Introduced by the particle ang

Ex. Lutuon ko ang pagkaon.

3.

Referent focus
•

Indicates that the location or beneficiary of the action is the topic of the sentence

•

Signaled by the suffix –an

Ex. Tudluan ko sang kanta ang bata niya.

4.

Accessory focus
•

Indicates that the topic of the sentence is the thing used in the performance of the
action

•

Signaled by i-

Ex. Ilimpyo mo sa sapatos ang trapo.

5.

Stative Goal focus
•

The topic of the sentence is the party which has been put into some state, or to
whom some quality or characteristics is attributed by another

•

Signaled by ma-

Ex. Maluto niya ang sinugba karon panyaga.

6.

Stative Actor focus
•

Indicates that the topic of the sentence has an inherent ability to be in the state
specified or has the intent quality named by the verb root

•

Signaled by the affix maka-

Ex. Makabasa ako sang malaba nga istorya.

■

ASPECT refers to how an event or action is to be viewed with respect to time, rather
than to its actual location in time. It refers to the time when the action of the verb
occurs either across or between those period.

Aspect System

Goal focus

unreal aspect

lutuon

real suspect

ginluto

Referent focus

unreal aspect

lutuan

real suspect

ginlutuan

Accessory focus

unreal aspect

iluto

real suspect

ginluto

Actor focus

unreal aspect

sumulat

real suspect

sumulat

Stative Actor

unreal aspect

makaluto

real suspect

nakaluto

Stative Goal

unreal aspect

maluto

real suspect

naluto

■

Aside from aspects, verbs can also be classified according to their tenses.

■

Tense refers to the time when the action of the verb occurs. The action occur in one
of the three time periods: past, present and future.

Verb (Likga)

Past

(Nagligad)

Present
(Subong)

Future

(Palaabuton)

sulat (write)

nagsulat

nagasulat

magasulat

pamasyar (visit)

namasyar

nagapamasyar

mamasyar

laba (wash)

nanglaba

nagapanglaba

manglaba

kaon (eat)

ginkaon

ginakaon

pagakaunon

Lesson 5.4: Adjectives

■

Adjectives are words that describe or modify other words. They can identify or
quantify another person or thing in the sentence.

■

Adjectives are usually positioned before the noun or the pronoun that they modify.

■

Adjectives are also used to compare nouns. It comes in different degrees as well.

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

Diminutive

Intense

Much more

intense

Equality

Non-equality

daku (big)

magkadaku

Mas daku

pinakadaku

dulodaku

Daku-daku

Kadaku-daku

malaba(long)

magkalaba

Mas malaba

pinakalaba

Malaba-

laba

Laba-laba

Kalaba-laba

Lesson 5.5: Adverbs

■

An adverb is a word or set of words that modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
An adverb answers how, when, where, or to what extent – how often or how much.

Adverb

Example

Meaning

Adverb of Manner

maayo

good/well

matutom

diligent

Adverb of Time

kahapon

yesterday

kada adlaw

every day

Adverb of Place

sa likod

at the back

dira

ther

Adverb of Frequency

pirme

always

talagsa, malaka

seldom

kon kaisa

sometimes

Clitic

pa

still, yet

gid

indeed, very

na

already, now

Lesson 5.6: The Little Big Words of a Language
Conjunction, Preposition, Interjection

■ There are other categories of words that do not change their forms but

are equally necessary to complete the meaning in a sentence or
between sentences which is referred to as the ‘little big words’ in the
grammar language.

■ Little big words are also called as function words or closed words

because

their

forms

do

not

change.

These

are

conjunction,

preposition, and interjection.

Conjunction

■

A conjunction is that part of speech which includes words like and or.

▪

Coordinating conjunctions are conjunction normally applied to a very small
group of words chiefly and and or.

▪

Most usually, a conjunction conjoins (joins) two or more instances of the same
category.

▪

Subordinating conjunctions or subordinators are words like if, whenever,
although, and after which introduce adverbial clauses.

▪

Traditional grammarians also counted as conjunctions the complementizers
like that and whether.

■

Conjunctions are also used in our languages in the Philippines. For example in the
Hiligaynon language, these sentence can be formed:

May dalang paying si Ada apang nabasa man siya gihapon sang ulan.

(Ada bought an umbrella with her but she still got wet in the rain.)

Pabal-on ta ka sang akon plano karon sa hapon ukon sa masunod nga adlaw.

(I will inform you of my plan this afternoon or by tomorrow.)

Preposition

■

Preposition is the smallish class of words in the English language which includes
words like to, with, and of.

■

A preposition has only one major property: it combines with a following noun phrase
– its objects – to form a larger syntactic unit – a prepositional phrase. Typical
preposition include:

■

Prepositions

are

analyzed

as

the

realization

of

image

schemas

or

basic

representations of the physical and spatial movement.

■

Several English prepositions are realized as a single form in the mother tongue.
Examine the following examples in the Filipino language:

Pumunta kami sa palengke. (We went to the market.)
Lumangoy kami sa_ilog. (We swam in the river.)

of

to

in

for

with

under

about

after

in front of

in spite of

beyond

within

because of

over

before

through

Interjection

■

Interjection are used mainly in speaking, not writing. It is also another small group of
words.

■

An interjection is a word that expresses feeling or emotion and functions
independently in a sentence.

■

Many feelings can be expressed by interjections, such as:

■

The interjections in the English language do not occur in the Philippine languages.
However, Filipino speakers may choose to use them, but one has to be cautious
because of the certain interjections, though common to a native speaker of English,
may sound offensive when used in the local context (for example, darn can be
misinterpreted as an expletive.)

ah

goodness

hey

oh

ouch

tsk

uh

well

my

wow

uhuh

hooray

gosh

ahm

okay

Lesson 5.2: Pronouns

■ A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun or noun phrase.

■ Hiligaynon, like any other Austronesian language, does not have

gender too. Instead, pronouns are categorized according to their kind
and use.
1. Tal-us nga Pangalan sa Tawo (Personal Pronouns)
2. Tal-us nga Pangaln sa Pagtudlo (Demonstrative Pronouns)
3. Tal-us nga Pangalan sa Pagpamangkot (Interrogative Pronouns)

Lesson 5.3: Action Words

■

Actions words or verbs are words that specifically describe what the subject of the
sentence is doing.

■

In a Philippine language like Hiligaynon, formation and use of action words are
dependent on the focus and aspect.

■

The verb focus refers to the relation between the action and one of the participants
in the action. There are 6 action focuses:

1.

Actor focus
•

Indicates that the actor of the action is the topic of the sentence.

•

Signaled by – um-

Ex. Lumangoy si Lina sa baybay.

2.

Goal focus
•

The topic of the sentence is the object which receives the action

•

Signaled by the suffix –on

•

Introduced by the particle ang

Ex. Lutuon ko ang pagkaon.

3.

Referent focus
•

Indicates that the location or beneficiary of the action is the topic of the sentence

•

Signaled by the suffix –an

Ex. Tudluan ko sang kanta ang bata niya.

4.

Accessory focus
•

Indicates that the topic of the sentence is the thing used in the performance of the
action

•

Signaled by i-

Ex. Ilimpyo mo sa sapatos ang trapo.

5.

Stative Goal focus
•

The topic of the sentence is the party which has been put into some state, or to
whom some quality or characteristics is attributed by another

•

Signaled by ma-

Ex. Maluto niya ang sinugba karon panyaga.

6.

Stative Actor focus
•

Indicates that the topic of the sentence has an inherent ability to be in the state
specified or has the intent quality named by the verb root

•

Signaled by the affix maka-

Ex. Makabasa ako sang malaba nga istorya.

■

ASPECT refers to how an event or action is to be viewed with respect to time, rather
than to its actual location in time. It refers to the time when the action of the verb
occurs either across or between those period.

Aspect System

Goal focus

unreal aspect

lutuon

real suspect

ginluto

Referent focus

unreal aspect

lutuan

real suspect

ginlutuan

Accessory focus

unreal aspect

iluto

real suspect

ginluto

Actor focus

unreal aspect

sumulat

real suspect

sumulat

Stative Actor

unreal aspect

makaluto

real suspect

nakaluto

Stative Goal

unreal aspect

maluto

real suspect

naluto

■

Aside from aspects, verbs can also be classified according to their tenses.

■

Tense refers to the time when the action of the verb occurs. The action occur in one
of the three time periods: past, present and future.

Verb (Likga)

Past

(Nagligad)

Present
(Subong)

Future

(Palaabuton)

sulat (write)

nagsulat

nagasulat

magasulat

pamasyar (visit)

namasyar

nagapamasyar

mamasyar

laba (wash)

nanglaba

nagapanglaba

manglaba

kaon (eat)

ginkaon

ginakaon

pagakaunon

Lesson 5.4: Adjectives

■

Adjectives are words that describe or modify other words. They can identify or
quantify another person or thing in the sentence.

■

Adjectives are usually positioned before the noun or the pronoun that they modify.

■

Adjectives are also used to compare nouns. It comes in different degrees as well.

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

Diminutive

Intense

Much more

intense

Equality

Non-equality

daku (big)

magkadaku

Mas daku

pinakadaku

dulodaku

Daku-daku

Kadaku-daku

malaba(long)

magkalaba

Mas malaba

pinakalaba

Malaba-

laba

Laba-laba

Kalaba-laba

Lesson 5.5: Adverbs

■

An adverb is a word or set of words that modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
An adverb answers how, when, where, or to what extent – how often or how much.

Adverb

Example

Meaning

Adverb of Manner

maayo

good/well

matutom

diligent

Adverb of Time

kahapon

yesterday

kada adlaw

every day

Adverb of Place

sa likod

at the back

dira

ther

Adverb of Frequency

pirme

always

talagsa, malaka

seldom

kon kaisa

sometimes

Clitic

pa

still, yet

gid

indeed, very

na

already, now

Lesson 5.6: The Little Big Words of a Language
Conjunction, Preposition, Interjection

■ There are other categories of words that do not change their forms but

are equally necessary to complete the meaning in a sentence or
between sentences which is referred to as the ‘little big words’ in the
grammar language.

■ Little big words are also called as function words or closed words

because

their

forms

do

not

change.

These

are

conjunction,

preposition, and interjection.

Conjunction

■

A conjunction is that part of speech which includes words like and or.

▪

Coordinating conjunctions are conjunction normally applied to a very small
group of words chiefly and and or.

▪

Most usually, a conjunction conjoins (joins) two or more instances of the same
category.

▪

Subordinating conjunctions or subordinators are words like if, whenever,
although, and after which introduce adverbial clauses.

▪

Traditional grammarians also counted as conjunctions the complementizers
like that and whether.

■

Conjunctions are also used in our languages in the Philippines. For example in the
Hiligaynon language, these sentence can be formed:

May dalang paying si Ada apang nabasa man siya gihapon sang ulan.

(Ada bought an umbrella with her but she still got wet in the rain.)

Pabal-on ta ka sang akon plano karon sa hapon ukon sa masunod nga adlaw.

(I will inform you of my plan this afternoon or by tomorrow.)

Preposition

■

Preposition is the smallish class of words in the English language which includes
words like to, with, and of.

■

A preposition has only one major property: it combines with a following noun phrase
– its objects – to form a larger syntactic unit – a prepositional phrase. Typical
preposition include:

■

Prepositions

are

analyzed

as

the

realization

of

image

schemas

or

basic

representations of the physical and spatial movement.

■

Several English prepositions are realized as a single form in the mother tongue.
Examine the following examples in the Filipino language:

Pumunta kami sa palengke. (We went to the market.)
Lumangoy kami sa_ilog. (We swam in the river.)

of

to

in

for

with

under

about

after

in front of

in spite of

beyond

within

because of

over

before

through

Interjection

■

Interjection are used mainly in speaking, not writing. It is also another small group of
words.

■

An interjection is a word that expresses feeling or emotion and functions
independently in a sentence.

■

Many feelings can be expressed by interjections, such as:

■

The interjections in the English language do not occur in the Philippine languages.
However, Filipino speakers may choose to use them, but one has to be cautious
because of the certain interjections, though common to a native speaker of English,
may sound offensive when used in the local context (for example, darn can be
misinterpreted as an expletive.)

ah

goodness

hey

oh

ouch

tsk

uh

well

my

wow

uhuh

hooray

gosh

ahm

okay