

Pengantar SIG
Presentation
•
Geography
•
10th Grade
•
Practice Problem
•
Hard
Asmara Putri
FREE Resource
33 Slides • 0 Questions
1
INTRODUCTION OF
GEOGRAPHYC INFORMATION SYSTEM
2
PART 1:
FUNDAMENTALS OF GIS
3
CHAPTER 1
WHAT IS GIS ?
4
• This chapter provides an overview of GIS. It
examines what GIS is, what it can do and, in
brief, how it works. The chapter starts by looking
at the types of generic questions GIS can answer
and expands on these with reference to a series
of case studies which are then used throughout
the rest of the book. GIS is then defined, and a
range of issues and ideas asso-ciated with its use
identified. Much of the material introduced in this
chapter will be covered in more detail later in the
book.
5
Introduction
• Every day you ask questions with a spatial
component.
• Whether you are at work, studying or at leisure
you probably ask spatial questions.
• Many of these questions you answer for
yourself without reference to a map or a GIS,
but both of these tools could help. GIS has
particular value when you need to answer
questions about location, patterns, trends and
conditions such as those below:
6
Spatial Questions :
• Location. Where is the nearest bookshop? Whereare stone
age settlements located in Europe? Where are areas of
forestry in which Norwegian Spruce trees can be found?
• Patterns. Where do high concentrations of studentslive in
this city? What is the flow of traffic along this motorway?
What is the distribution of crime incidents in London?
• Trends. How are patterns of retailing changing inresponse to
the development of out-of-town superstores? Where have
glaciers retreated in the European Alps? Where have
changes to the population of polar bears occurred?
7
• Conditions. Where can I find holidayaccommodation that
is within 1 km of a wind surfing beach and accessible by
public transport? Where is there flat land within 500 m of a
major highway? Where are there over 100,000 potential
customers within a 5 mile radius of a railway station?
• Implications. If I move to a new home in thislocation, how
far will I be from the office, gym or coffee shop? If we build
a new theme park here, what will be the effect on traffic
flows? What would be the time saving if we delivered our
parcels using this route, rather than an alternative?
8
Dengan SIG : dapat mengintegrasikan data spasial dan data
non spasial untuk menjawab berbagai pertanyaan
•What is there ...? Identification: by pointing at a location on a map, a
name, or any other information stored on the object, is returned.
This could also be done without maps, by providing the
coordinates, but this would be far less effective and efficient.
• Where is ...? Location: this question results in one or more
locations that adhere to the criteria of the question’s conditions.
This could be a set of coordinates or a map that shows the location
of a specific object, or all buildings in use by a certain company.
• What has changed since ...? Trends: this question includes
geospatial data’s temporal component. A question related to urban
growth could result in a map showing those neighbourhoods built
between 1950 and 1990.
•What is the best route between ...? Optimal path: based on a
network of paths (e.g. roads or a sewage system), answers to such
queries for the shortest or cheapest route are provided.
9
•What relation exists between ...? Patterns: questions like this
are more complex and often involve several data sets.
Answers could, for instance, reveal the relationship between
the local microclimate and location of factories and the social
structure of surrounding neighbourhoods.
• What if ...? Models: these questions are related to planning
and forecasting activities. An example is: what will be the
need to adapt the local public transport network and its
capacity when a new neighbourhood is built north of the
town?
10
Typical GIS questions answered by maps such as those used to identify, to locate, or
to find geospatial patterns
11
12
12
12
Advanced Spatial
Analysis
Geographic Information System (GIS) is defined as an information
system that is used to input, store, retrieve,manipulate, analyze and
output geographically referenced data or geospatial data, in order to
support decision making for planning and management of land use,
natural resources, environment, transportation, urban facilities, and
other administrative records
Output GIS utama
: Peta
Geographic Information System (GIS)
13
SIG secara sederhana dapat diartikan sebagai
sistem manual atau digital (dengan menggunakan
komputer sebagai alat pengolahan dan analisis)
yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan, menyimpan,
mengelola, dan menghasilkan informasi yang
mempunyai rujukan spasial atau geografis (Projo
Danoedoro : 1996; 173).
Hal mendasar adalah bahwa SIG memiliki rujukan
spasial (keruangan) yang dapat berujud lokasi (titik,
garis, area), distribusi, serta terintegrasikan dengan
data atribut yang berkaitan dengan tiga unsur
penting geografis tersebut secara keruangan.
14
INFORMASI GEOGRAFIS :
informasi mengenai tempat-tempat yang terletak
di permukaan bumi
pengetahuan mengenai posisi dimana suatu obyek
terletak di permukaan bumi
informasi mengenai keterangan-keterangan atribut
yang terdapat di permukaan bumi yang posisinya
diketahui
(Prahasata, 2001)
15
INFORMASI GEOSPASIAL
• Geospasial atau ruang kebumian adalah aspek keruangan yang
menunjukkan lokasi, letak, dan posisi suatu objek atau kejadian
yang berada di bawah, pada, atau di atas permukaan bumi yang
dinyatakan dalam sistem koordinat tertentu.
• Data Geospasial adalah data tentang lokasi geografis, dimensi
atau ukuran, dan/atau karakteristik objek alam dan/atau buatan
manusia yang berada di bawah, pada, atau di atas permukaan
bumi.
• Informasi Geospasial adalah data geospasial yang sudah diolah
sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai alat bantu dalam perumusan
kebijakan, pengambilan keputusan dan/atau pelaksanaan
kegiatan yang berhubungan dengan keruangan.
Sumber: Pasal 1 Ketentuan Umum UU Informasi Geospasial
16
Data Geospasial yang tersimpan dalam SIG : geometrik/ Objek,
Atribut, dan temporal
Geometrik/ Objek, terdiri: point (node),
line (garis) dan luas (poligon) baik
dalam format vektor mapun raster
yang
merepresentasikan
topologi
(ukuran, bentuk, posisi dan orientasi).
Atribut,menjelaskan
karakteristik objek spasial.
Temporal, menjelaskan waktu
Data Geospasial : data yang berkenaan dengan lokasi atau atribut suatu
obyek atau fenomena di permukaan bumi (Kraak & Ferjan Ormeling).
17
Objek spasial
Attribut tabel,
menjelaskan
sifat objek
18
CARA KERJA SIG
Layer
Relasi
Disimpan
Disimpan
Tabel
Basisdata
Spasial
Basisdata
Atribut
Basisdata
SIG
19
Figure 1.4 The nature of
geospatial data: from reality (a),
via model construction and
selection to a digital landscape
model (b), followed
by selection and construction of
a cartographic representation
towards a digital cartographic
model (c), presented as a map
(d), which results in the user’s
cognitive map (e)
Dalam SIG, digunakan
“PEMODELAN”, yaitu
proses untuk
menginterpretasi/
menggambarkan dunia
nyata dengan menggunakan
model dunia nyata dan
model data
20
Data Geospasial Digital
Menggambarkan hubungan
spasial di antara obyek (bentuk
objek) dan obyek lain di
lingkungannya (distribusi
obyek). Juga menjelaskan
atribut obyek tersebut.
21
Informasi Lingkungan Hidup
ANALISIS SPASIAL
ANALISIS SPASIAL DALAM GIS
INFORMASI
GEOGRAFIS
Jalan
Hidrologi
Garis pantai
Land use
Geologi
Tema lain
Batas
admin
Penduduk
Informasi Bencana
Informasi
lain
D A T A
Informasi Tata Ruang
Aplikasi
Bencana
Alam
Aplikasi
lain
Aplikasi
Lingkungan
Hidup
Aplikasi
Tata
Ruang
22
KOMPONEN UTAMA SIG
• Komponen utama SIG adalah sistem komputer, data
geospatial dan pengguna
23
24
A. HARDWARE :
25
B. SOFTWARE :
a.
Operating System : Mengontrol seluruh operasi program, dari
input sampai output
For Pc
: MS-DOS (IBM PCs), WINDOWS.
For Workstation: UNIX, LINUX, VMS.
•
Compilers:
Mengkonversi program yang ditulis dalam bahasa komputer ke kode
sehingga CPU bisa dieksekusi oleh CPU. Misalnya: C,Pascal,
FORTRAN , BASIC dll.
b. Software
Software GIS
: Arc-Info, ARCGIS, ARCVIEW, MAP-INFO,
PCI-Geomatica, GRASS, ARC-CAD, SPRING,
AGIS, PC RASTER,
SAGA, TNT.
Pengolahan Data Satelit :ERDAS-Imagine, Arc-Info, ENVI,
PCI-Geomatica,IDRISI, ARCGIS, dll.
Application Programs : Script/extension: Visual Basic,
Avenue, Arc Macro Language(AML).
26
Salah Satu Perangkat Lunak
27
Contoh analisis Peta dengan software Arc View
28
Keutamaan SIG dengan menggunakan sistem
digital/komputer
(1) memperkecil kesalahan manusia
(2) kemampuan memanggil kembali dan menyimpan data SIG
secara cepat
3) menggabungkan tumpangsusun
(4) memperbaharui data dengan memperhatikan perubahan
lingkungan, data statistik dan area yang nampak
29
SIG SEBAGAI SUATU SISTEM
INPUT
PROSES
OUTPUT
Data Spasial
Data Atribut
DATA / INFORMASI :
- Lithosfera (batuan)
- Pedosfera (tanah)
- Hidrosfera (tata air)
- Biosfera
- Atmosfera
- Antroposfera
Struktur Vektor
Struktur Raster
30
SIG DALAM PENGERTIAN SISTEM
INPUT
PROCESS
OUTPUT
• Digitasi
Kompilasi
Printing
• (Digitizer; on screen) Editing Database Presenting
• Importing
Data Update
Peta
• Converting
Overlay
Exporting
• Transformasi
Analisa digital
LAN Image
Visual
31
KENAPA HARUS GIS ?
• Aplikasi SIG yang terutama untuk analisis dalam bidang
kebumian,
perencanaan
dan
pengembangan
sumberdaya alam, aplikasi bidang ekonomi dan untuk
analisis-analisis keruangan yang terkait dengan kegiatan
perencanaan dan pengembangan wilayah. Akan tetapi
semua kelebihan yang dimiliki oleh SIG ini sangat
tergantung kepada keahlian pengguna SIG sendiri.
32
Alasan SIG banyak dipilih
sebagai Teknologi Spasial yang Paling Berkembang
•
Data spasial dan non-spasial dapat digabungkan dan
dimanipulasi secara terintegrasi dan simultan;
•
Kemampuan memunculkan hubungan-hubungan antara
berbagai aktivitas menjadi mendasarkan pada pendekatan
geografis,
•
Perantara untuk memahami pengetahuan kebumian secara
lebih jauh,
•
Manipulasi dan display ilmu pengetahuan kebumian;
•
Pintu memasuki catatan administrasi ; dan
•
Merupakan alat untuk pembuatan kebijakan secara detail
33
Fungsi SIG
1. Melakukan sejumlah operasi/perhitungan
dapat dilakukan melalui SIG
2. Display (layer peta - warna, ukuran, bentuk
dan lain-lain),
3. kompilasi data base non-spasial
4. Overlay
5. Buffering (membuat zona buffer (radius
objek) pada jarak tertentu di
sekitar/sekelilingnya
6. Memperbaiki/memperbaharui data atau
tayangan tabel (SQL)
7. Memuat hubungan-hubungan keruangan
(spatial).
8. Membuat peta-peta tematik dan peta arahan
yang berguna untuk perencanaan
pembangunan wilayah.
INTRODUCTION OF
GEOGRAPHYC INFORMATION SYSTEM
Show answer
Auto Play
Slide 1 / 33
SLIDE
Similar Resources on Wayground
24 questions
Histograms
Presentation
•
10th Grade
24 questions
Siksa Neraka
Presentation
•
10th Grade
26 questions
PENDIDIKAN MORAL TING.2 UNIT 14 : MENANGANI KONFLIK IDENTITI
Presentation
•
10th Grade
26 questions
Permainan Bola Voli
Presentation
•
10th Grade
29 questions
litosfer kelas 10
Presentation
•
10th Grade
27 questions
Delineating Argument and Claims Review
Presentation
•
9th - 10th Grade
27 questions
BANK SENTRAL
Presentation
•
10th Grade
26 questions
Mean, Median, Mode, & Range
Presentation
•
9th Grade
Popular Resources on Wayground
16 questions
Grade 3 Simulation Assessment 2
Quiz
•
3rd Grade
19 questions
HCS Grade 5 Simulation Assessment_1 2526sy
Quiz
•
5th Grade
10 questions
Cinco de Mayo Trivia Questions
Interactive video
•
3rd - 5th Grade
17 questions
HCS Grade 4 Simulation Assessment_2 2526sy
Quiz
•
4th Grade
24 questions
HCS Grade 5 Simulation Assessment_2 2526sy
Quiz
•
5th Grade
13 questions
Cinco de mayo
Interactive video
•
6th - 8th Grade
20 questions
Math Review
Quiz
•
3rd Grade
30 questions
GVMS House Trivia 2026
Quiz
•
6th - 8th Grade
Discover more resources for Geography
46 questions
AP Human Geography Unit 4 Review
Quiz
•
9th - 12th Grade
10 questions
Oceania Regions and Cultural Traits
Interactive video
•
6th - 12th Grade
50 questions
AP Human Geography Exam Review (Units 1-7)
Quiz
•
9th - 10th Grade
20 questions
AP Human Geography Exam Review (Units 1-7)
Quiz
•
9th - 10th Grade
50 questions
AP Human Geography Unit 7
Quiz
•
9th - 12th Grade
25 questions
Physical Geography of SE Asia
Presentation
•
9th - 12th Grade
10 questions
Understanding Task Verbs in AP Human Geography
Interactive video
•
10th - 12th Grade
45 questions
AP Human Geography Exam Review
Quiz
•
9th - 12th Grade