Cell Structure & Function

• Characteristics of Cells

• Chemistry of Life

• Cell Structure & Function

• Levels of Cellular Organization

• Homeostasis & Cell Processes

• Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration​

​Cells and Heredity:

Structure of Cells

Eukaryotic Cell Function

Eukaryotic cells differ from each other depending on their structure and function. A cell's structure is the arrangement of its parts. A cell's function is the activity the parts carry out. Plant and animal cells have different parts that have different functions for the organism. This is what makes plants and animals so different from each other.

Structure of Cells

Eukaryotic Cell Function

Most of the cells in a multicellular organism are specialized to perform a specific function. However, all eukaryotic cells share some characteristics. They all have a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and parts that protect and support the cell.

Multiple Choice

A cell's function is

• Where the cell is in the organism

• The activity the parts carry out

• How big the cell is

• How many organelles are in the cell

Multiple Select

All eukaryotic cells have ... (3)

• parts that protect and support the cell

• Membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus

• a nucleus
• a cell wall

Structure of Cells

Parts that Protect and Support the Cell

The cytoplasm is the region between the cell membrane and the nucleus that includes fluid and all the organelles. Throughout the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells is a cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that gives shape and support to cells. The cytoskeleton is also involved in cell division and in movement.

Every cell is surrounded by a cell membrane. The membrane acts as a barrier between the inside of a cell and the cell's environment. ​The membrane protect the cell and regulates what enters and leaves the cell.

Cell
Membrane

Structure of Cells

Parts That Protect and Support the Cell

Most of the cells in a multicellular organism are specialized to perform a specific function. However, all eukaryotic cells share some characteristics. They all have a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and parts that protect and support the cell.

Structure of Cells

Genetic Material in the Nucleus

In eukaryotic cells, the nucleus contains the cell's genetic material. DNA contains information needed for cell processes, such as making proteins, however, proteins are not made in the nucleus. These instructions are sent out of the nucleus through pores in the nuclear membrane. This membrane is double layered and similar to the cell membrane.

Match

Match the following

• region between the membrane and the nucleus

• network of protein filaments that gives shape and support

• outermost boundary of a cell

• contains genetic material in eukaryotic cells

• double layered membrane, similar to cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Cytoskeleton

Cell membrane

Nucleus

Nuclear membrane

• Cytoplasm

• Cytoskeleton

• Cell membrane

• Nucleus

• Nuclear membrane

Structure of Cells

Organelles Found in Plant and Animal Cells

Even though plant and animal cells are microscopic, they are very complex. They have many parts that function to keep the cell alive. Many of these parts are membrane-bound organelles that perform a specific function.

Structure of Cells

Mitochondria

Organisms need energy for life processes. Cells carry out such processes for growth and repair, movement of materials into and out of the cell, and chemical processes. The cells get energy by breaking down food using the process of cellular respiration. Cellular respiration occurs in an organelle called the mitochondrion.

Structure of Cells

Mitochondria

Cellular respiration uses oxygen to release the energy stored in food. The mitochondria then transfer the released energy to a molecule called adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. Cells use ATP to carry out cell processes.

Structure of Cells

Mitochondria

Mitochondria have their own DNA and they have two membranes. The outer membrane is smooth, the inner has many folds. These folds increase the surface area inside the mitochondria where cellular respiration occurs.

Dropdown

The process of cellular respiration occurs in the

Select answer

.

Multiple Choice

In cellular respiration, the energy released from breaking down food is transferred to the molecule

• thymidine triphosphate (TTP)
• adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
• cytidine triphosphate (CTP)
• guanosine triphosphate (GTP)

Dropdown

The mitochondrion has

Select answer

membranes.

Structure of Cells

Ribosomes

Proteins control most chemical reactions of cells and provide structural support for cells and tissues. Some proteins are even exported out of the cell for use in other parts of the body. Making, packaging, and transporting proteins requires many organelles. The ribosome is the organelle that makes proteins by putting together chains of amino acids.

Structure of Cells

Ribosomes

The instructions for how to put these chains together is encoded in the cell's DNA. An amino acid is any of about 20 different carbon-based molecules that are used to make proteins. Almost all cells have ribosomes, which are the smallest organelles.

Match

Match the following

• Control most chemical reactions in cells

• Makes proteins by stringing together chains of amino acids

• A carbon-based molecule used to make proteins

• Where the instructions to make proteins are stored

Proteins

Ribosome

Amino acid

DNA

• Proteins

• Ribosome

• Amino acid

• DNA

Multiple Choice

The smallest organelle

• ribosome
• nucleus
• endoplasmic reticulum
• mitochondria

Multiple Choice

In these types of cells, some ribosome can be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

• prokaryotic cells
• bacterial cells
• viral cells
• eukaryotic cells

Structure of Cells (Plant & Animal)

Endoplasmic Reticulum

In the cytoplasm, near the nucleus, is a system of membranes called the endoplasmic reticulum ER. The ER assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids. The ER is either rough or smooth. Rough ER has ribosomes attached to its membrane, while smooth ER does not.

Dropdown

The Endoplasmic Reticulum, or ET, aids in the production, processing and transport of ​

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Dropdown

The ET also aids in the production of ​

Select answer

Structure of Cells (Plant & Animal)

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Ribosomes on the rough ER make many of the cell's proteins. Some of these proteins move through the ER to different places in the cell. The smooth ER makes lipids and breaks down toxic materials that could damage the cell.

Structure of Cells (Plant & Animal)

Golgi Complex

The membrane organelle that packages and distributes materials, such as proteins, is called the Golgi Complex. Named after the Italian scientist that first discovered it, the Golgi complex is a system of flattened membrane sacs. Lipids and proteins from the ER are delivered to the Golgi complex where they may be modified to do different jobs.

Structure of Cells (Plant & Animal)

Golgi Complex

The final products are enclosed in a piece of the Golgi complex's membrane. This membrane pinches off to form a small bubble, or vesicle. This vesicle transports its contents to other parts of the cell or out of the cell.

Multiple Choice

This organelle packages and distributes materials in a cell.

• Golgi apparatus
• Nucleus
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Mitochondria

Structure of Cells (Plant)

Plants are different organisms than animals, and as such, they contain different structures. Plant cells do have a cell membrane, cytoskeleton, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, ER, and a Golgi complex just like animal cells do. In addition, plant cells have a cell wall, large central vacuole, and chloroplasts.

The cell wall is a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane. Cell walls provide support and protection to the cell. Plants, unlike animals, do not have a skeleton, so the cell wall gives the plant its shape.

​

​Structures of Cells: Plant

Most animal cells contain a vacuole, which is a fluid filled vesicle that may contain enzymes, nutrients, water, or waste. The Large Central Vacuole is in plant cells, and stores water and helps support the plant.

​Structures of Cells: Plant

The organelle that enables photosynthesis is the chloroplast.
Chloroplasts have a double membrane, and contain the pigment chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs the energy in sunlight, which is then used to make sugar, that is then used to make ATP.

​Structures of Cells: Plant

Match

Match the following plant structures

• Stores water in a cell and helps support the plant

• Rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane

• Contains chlorophyll

Large Central Vacuole

Cell Wall

Chloroplast

• Large Central Vacuole

• Cell Wall

• Chloroplast

Labeling

Identify the structures in the plant cell:

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Mitochondria

Chloroplast

Nucleus

Labeling

Identify the structures in the plant cell:

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Cytoskeleton

Golgi Complex

Structure of Cells (Animal)

Animal cells are eukaryotic that contain a nucleus and a cell membrane. They contain many of the same organelles as plant cells, including mitochondria, ribosomes, ER, and a Golgi complex. Most animal cells also contain a membrane-bound organelle called a lysosome.

Organelles called lysosomes contain digestive enzymes, which break down soon-out cells, damaged organelles, waste materials, and foreign invaders in the cell. Some of these materials are collected in the vacuoles. A lysosome attaches to the vacuole and releases the digestive enzymes inside. Some of these materials are recycled and reused in the cell.

​Structures of Cells: Animal

Multiple Choice

Not a structure in a plant cell

• Cell wall
• Lysosome

• Vacuole
• Mitochondria

Multiple Choice

A lysosome

• A lysosome is a type of plant cell organelle.
• A lysosome is a storage organelle in prokaryotic cells.
• A lysosome is a membrane-bound organelle found in animal cells that contains digestive enzymes.
• A lysosome is involved in photosynthesis.

Labeling

Label the following:

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Golgi complex

ET

Mitochondrian

Lysosome