APHG Language

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AP Human Geography

Chapter 05
Languages

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Key Issues

• Where are folk languages distributed?
• Why is English related to other

languages?

• Why do individual languages vary among

places?

• Why do people preserve local languages?

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AP Human Geography

Chapter 05

Key Issue 1:

Where Languages Distributed?

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Where Are Languages Distributed?

• Languageis a system of communication

through speech, a collection of sounds
that a group of people understands to
have the same meaning.

• Literary tradition refers to a system of

written communication.

• Many countries designate at least one

official language to be used for official
documents and public objects—e.g., road
signs and money.

Multiple Choice

A language ____________ is a collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago.

• family
• branch
• dialect
• group

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Where Are Languages Distributed?

• World’s languages organized into:

–Language Families: collection of languages

related through a common ancestral language

–Language Branches: collection of languages

within a family related through a common
ancestral language. Differences are not as
significant or as old as between families.

–Language Groups: collection of languages

within a branch that share a common origin in
the relatively recent past and display similar
grammar and vocabulary.

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Where Are Languages Distributed?

• Classification of Languages

–2/3 of the world’s population speak a

language that belongs to the Indo-European
or Sino-Tibetan language family.

–2 to 6 percent of the world’s population speak

a language that fits into one of seven other
language families.

–Remainder of population speaks a language

belonging to one of 100 smaller families.

Multiple Choice

What was the Latin spoken by people in the provinces, referring to "the masses" introduced by  soldiers stationed throughout the Roman empire?

• Slang Latin
• Soldier Latin
• Vulgar Latin
• Pop Latin

Multiple Choice

Which of the following will encompass the largest number of speakers?

• language group
• language family
• language branch
• dialect

Multiple Choice

A language ____________ is a collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history.
Hint: The trunk of the tree

• branch
• family
• dialect
• group

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Classification of Languages

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Classification of Languages

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Where Are Languages Distributed?

• Distribution of Language Families

–The two largest language families are…

1. Indo-European

– Predominate language family in Europe, South Asia,

North America and Latin America.

2. Sino-Tibetan

– Encompasses languages spoken in the People’s

Republic of China and several smaller countries in
Southeast Asia.

» No single Chinese language
» Mandarin is the most-used language in the world and

the official language of both the People’s Republic of
China and Taiwan.

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Distribution of Language Families

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Where Are Languages Distributed?

• Other Asian Language Families

–Several other language families spoken by

large numbers of people in East and
Southeast Asia.

• Isolation on islands and peninsulas contributed to

overall independent development.

– Austronesian
– Austro-Asiatic
– Tai Kadai
– Japanese
– Korean

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Where Are Languages Distributed?

• Languages of Southwest Asia and North

Africa and Central Asia
–Two largest language families are…

1. Afro-Asiatic

–Arabic is major language.
»Official language in 24 countries of S.W. Asia and
North Africa

»One of the six official languages in U.N.

2. Altaic

–Altaic language with most speakers is Turkish.

–Altaic language became official language of several
countries that gained independence when Soviet Union
broke up—e.g., Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and
Turkmenistan.

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Where Are Languages Distributed?

• African Language Families

–More than 1,000 distinct languages have been

documented.

• Several thousand dialects recognized.
• Most lack a written tradition.

–Niger-Congo

• Swahili

– First language of 800,000 people
– Official language of Tanzania
– Spoken by 30 million Africans

» Language used to speak with outsiders from different

villages

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Africa’s Language Families

Multiple Choice

Which is NOT true about Swahili?

• spoken by 30 million Africans as a 2nd language
• mix of African, Arabic, and European languages
• is a lingua franca in Africa
• is not written or has no literature

Multiple Choice

What is the pre-dominant language family in sub-Saharan Africa and includes Swahili

• Afro-Asiatic
• Niger-Congo
• Khoisan
• Nilo-Saharan

Multiple Choice

Which language family....
-comes from Ural Mountains 7,000 years ago
-spoken in Hungary, Estonia,Finland
-surrounded by Indo-European languages in Europe

• Altaic
• Indo-European
• Uralic
• Afro-Asiatic

Multiple Choice

What language family is spoken by approx 6% of world's people and primarily spoken in Indonesia, Phillipines, and Madagascar?

• Austro-Asiatic
• Austronesian
• Sino-Tibetan

Multiple Choice

Which is NOT one of the largest language families in the world? 

• a.       Indo-European
• a.       Afro-Asiatic
• a.       Sino-Tibetan
• a.       Altaic

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AP Human Geography

Chapter 05

Key Issue 2:

Why is English Related to Other

Languages?

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Why Is English Related to Other Languages?

• Distribution of Indo-European Branches

–Four most widely spoken branches

1. Germanic branch

– Spoken primarily in northwestern Europe and North

America

– Divides into High and Low Germanic subgroups

» English is classified in the Low Germanic group

2. Indo-Iranian branch

– Spoken primarily in South Asia
– Most speakers of the language branch
– Subdivided into eastern group (Indic) and western group

(Iranian)

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The IndoEuropean Language Family

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The Germanic Language Family

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Language Families in India

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Why Is English Related to Other Languages?

• Distribution of Indo-European Branches

–Four most widely spoken branches

3. Balto-Slavic branch

– Spoken primarily in Eastern Europe
– Divided into…

» East Slavic and Baltic Groups: most widely used

language is Russian followed by Ukrainian and
Belarusan.

» West and South Slavic Groups: most spoken west

Slavic language is Polish followed by Czech and
Slovak, while the most widely spoken south
language is Serbo-Croatian.

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Why Is English Related to Other Languages?

• Distribution of Indo-European Branches

–Four most widely spoken branches

4. Romance branch

– Spoken primarily in southwestern Europe and Latin

America

– Most widely used are Spanish, Portuguese, French, and

Italian.

» Regions where spoken languages tend to

correspond to the political boundaries of Spain,
Portugal, France, and Italy

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Romance Branch of Indo-European Family

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Why Is English Related to Other Languages?

• Origin and Diffusion of Language Families

–Modern English has evolved primarily from

the language spoken by three Germanic tribes
invading the British Isles.

1. Angles- from southern Denmark
2. Jutes- from northern Denmark
3. Saxons- from northwestern Germany

–Over time, others invaded England and their

languages influenced the basic English.

•Vikings from present-day Norway

•Normans from present-day Normandy in France
spoke French.

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Invasions of England

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Why Is English Related to Other Languages?

• Origin and Diffusion of Language Families

–English diffuses across the world.

• English language migrated with the people of

England when they established colonies over four
centuries.

– English is an official language in most former British

colonies.

• Diffusion to North America

– First successful colony was Jamestown, VA, in 1607.
– Defeat of France by England secured English as the

dominant language in North America.

– United States responsible for diffusing English to several

places—e.g., Philippines.

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Why Is English Related to Other Languages?

• Origin and Diffusion of Language Families

–Indo-European

• It is theorized that Germanic, Romance, Balto-

Slavic, and Indo-Iranian languages all stemmed
from a common ancestral language.

– Proto-Indo-European

• Linguists and anthropologists continue to debate

when and where the Proto-Indo-European
language originated and how it diffused.

– Two Theories

1.Nomadic Warrior Hypothesis

2.Sedentary Farmer Hypothesis

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Nomadic Warrior Theory – Kurgan peoples

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Sedentary Farmer Theory of Diffusion

According to this theory, language diffused along with
Agricultural innovations – diffusing west into Europe and east
into Asia

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AP Human Geography

Chapter 05

Key Issue 3:

Why Do Individual Languages Vary among

Places?

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Why Do Individual Languages Vary among
Places?

• Dialects of English

–A dialect is a regional variation of a language

distinguished by distinctive vocabulary,
spelling, and pronunciation.

–Boundaries of where regional words are used

can be mapped; such a word usage boundary
is known as an isogloss.

–Large number of speakers and widespread

distribution in the United States has
contributed to the existence of a large number
of English dialects.

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Why Do Individual Languages Vary among
Places?

• Dialects in the United States

–The 13 original colonies can be grouped into

three dialect regions.

1. New England

– Inhabited by settlers from England

2. Southeastern

– About ½ came from southeastern England, while the

others represented a diversity of social-class
backgrounds.

3. Midlands

– Most diverse group—e.g., Quakers from north of

England, Scots and Irish, German, Dutch, and Swedish
migrants.

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Why Do Individual Languages Vary among
Places?

• Current Dialect Differences in the East

–Some English words are specific to a dialect.

• Rural life
• Food
• Objects from daily activities

–Language differences tend to be greatest in

rural areas because of limited interaction with
people from other dialect regions.

–Mass media has reduced the number of

regionally distinctive words.

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Soft-Drink Dialects

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Dialects in the Eastern US

The most comprehensive
classification of dialects in the
United States was made by
Hans Kurath in 1949.

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Dialects and Subdialects – four major regions

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Why Do Individual Languages Vary among
Places?

• Dialects in the United Kingdom

–Languages with multiple dialects may

recognize one as the standard language that
is widely recognized as the most acceptable
for government, business, education, and
mass communication.

• Ex. England’s is known as British Received

Pronunciation (BRP).

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Dialects in England

Isoglosses between England’s dialects

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Why Do Individual Languages Vary among
Places?

• British and American English Dialects

–English language is noticeably different than

English spoken in England in three ways.

1. Vocabulary

– Settlers in America encountered many new objects and

experiences not present in England.

– Climate and geography differ significantly between England and

America.

2. Spelling

– Noah Webster sought to make English used in America distinct

from England to reduce cultural dependence by changing spellings
of words in his dictionary.

3. Pronunciation

– Chief cause was limited interaction between speakers of varying

dialects.

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Comparing British and American English

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Why Do Individual Languages Vary among
Places?

• Distinguishing between Languages and

Dialects
–Dialect or language

• Increasingly difficult to determine whether two

languages are distinct or whether they are dialects
of the same language.

• Several languages in Italy that have been

traditionally classified as dialects of Italian are now
viewed by Ethnologueas distinct enough to merit
consideration as a new language.

– Examples include Emiliano-Romagnolo, Liguri, Lombard,

and Sicilian.

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AP Human Geography

Chapter 05

Key Issue 4:

Why Do People Preserve Local Languages?

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Why Do People Preserve Local Languages?

• Language Diversity

–Difficulties can arise at the boundary between

two languages.

• Varying degrees of difficulties

– Belgium

» Southern Belgians (Walloons) speak French.
» Northern Belgians (Flemings) speak Flemish.
» Pressure from Flemish speakers led to the division of

Belgium into two independent regions with each
controlling their own cultural affairs, public health, road
construction, and urban development.

– Switzerland

» Cont’d on next slide.

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Languages in Belgium

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Languages in Nigeria

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Why Do People Preserve Local Languages?

• Language Diversity

–Difficulties can arise at the boundary between

two languages.

• Varying degrees of difficulties

– Switzerland

» Peacefully exists with multiple languages.
» Switzerland attributes success to decentralized

government, in which local authorities hold most of the
power, and decisions are frequently made on a local
level by voter referenda.

» Four official languages—German (65%), French (18%),

Italian (10%), and Romansh (1%)

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Languages in Switzerland

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Why Do People Preserve Local Languages?

• Isolated Languages

–An isolated language is one unrelated to any other

and therefore not attached to any language family.

• Arise from lack of interaction with speakers of other

languages.

• Ex. Basque in Europe

– Only language currently spoken that survives since the period

before the arrival of Indo-European speakers.

– First language of 666,000 people in the Pyrenees Mountains of

northern Spain and southwestern France.

» Mountain chain serving as a natural barrier to diffusion helped

them preserve their language.

• Ex. Icelandic

– Language has changed less than any other Germanic language.

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Why Do People Preserve Local Languages?

• Extinct and Revived Languages

–An extinct language is one that is no longer

spoken or read in daily activities by anyone in
the world.

• Presently, 473 languages nearly extinct

– 46 in Africa
– 182 in Americas
– 84 in Asia
– 9 in Europe
– 152 in Pacific

• Ex. Native Americans

– 74 languages extinct in the United States that were once

spoken by Native Americans.

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Why Do People Preserve Local Languages?

• Preserving Endangered Languages: Celtic

–Linguists expect hundreds of languages will

become extinct during the twenty-first century.

• Only about 300 languages are said to be safe from

extinction.

–Celtic Language

• Significant to English speakers because of its

primacy in the British Isles.

• Survives only in remote parts of Scotland, Wales,

and Ireland, and on the Brittany peninsula of France.

• Celtic speakers must work hard to preserve their

language in face of diffusion by others who have
greater political and economic strength.

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An unchanging Language: Icelandic

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Reviving an extinct language - Hebrew

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Preserving Welsh – an endangered language

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Preserving Irish – an endangered language

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Preserving Breton– an endangered language

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Preserving Scottish– an endangered language

The sign over the door says that
this is a florist.
Eilean larmain is the Scottish
name for the village of
Isleornsay, Scotland

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Why Do People Preserve Local Languages?

• Global Dominance of English

–A lingua franca is a language of international

communication.

• Ex. English

– First language of 328 million people
– Spoken fluently by another ½ to 1 billion people.
– Official language in 57 countries
– People in smaller countries learn English to participate more

fully in the global economy and culture.

• Other Examples

– Swahili in East Africa
– Hindi in South Asia
– Indonesian in Southeast Asia
– Russian in former Soviet Union.

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English speaking countries – 56 nations

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Why Do People Preserve Local Languages?

• Global Dominance of English

–English on the Internet

• Majority of content on Internet is in English.

– Dominance of content in English is waning.

» Percentage of English-language online users declined

from 46 percent in 2000 to 27 percent in 2010.

– Mandarin will likely replace English as the most-frequently

used online language before 2020.

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Languages of Online Speakers

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Why Do People Preserve Local Languages?

• Global Dominance of English

–Expansion Diffusion of English

• Recent growth in the use of English is an example

of expansion diffusion—the spread of a trait through
the snowballing effect of an idea.

• Expansion has occurred in two ways with English.

1.English is changing through diffusion of new vocabulary,
spelling, and pronunciation.

2.English words are fusing with other languages.
» Ex. Words, such as cowboy, hamburger, jeans, and

T-shirt were allowed to diffuse into French.

» Ex. English words have spurred the creation of

English-like words to replace traditional Spanish
words, such as parquin (Spanglish) for
estacionamiento (Spanish)

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Spanglish – Spanish + English!

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Franglais– French + English!

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Denglish – German + English!

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Why Do People Preserve Local Languages?

• Spanish and French in the United States and

Canada
–Spanish

• Increasingly important language in recent years in

United States because of large-scale immigration
from Latin America.

– Some communities now issue public notices, government

documents, and advertisements in Spanish.

– Radio stations and TV now broadcast in Spanish in places

where most of the 35 million Spanish speakers live.

• In reaction, 30 states and number of localities have

laws making English the official language.

– Some courts have judged these laws to be unconstitutional

restrictions on free speech.

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Spanish speakers in the United States

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Why Do People Preserve Local Languages?

• Spanish and French in the United States

and Canada
–French

• Québec government has made the use of French

mandatory in many daily activities.

• Québec faces challenges integrating a large number

of immigrants from Europe, Asia, and Latin America
who don’t speak French.

– Immigrants prefer to use English as the lingua franca

because of its greater global usage.

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Canada’s French-English Languages

French is the first
language of 81% of
Canadians living in
Quebec province,
but only 8% of
Canadians living
elsewhere in
Canada.

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Summary

• Languages can be classified as belonging

to particular families. Some families are
divided into branches and groups.

• English is in the Germanic branch of the

Indo-European language family. Because
nearly ½ of all humans currently speak a
language in the same family, English is
related to other languages.

• Languages vary among places because of

the regional influence on language that
stems from isolation.

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Summary

• People preserve local languages, because

a culture’s identity is intimately intertwined
with its local language.

Multiple Choice

A language ____________ is a collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago.

• family
• branch
• dialect
• group

Multiple Choice

A language ____________ is a collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago.

• family
• branch
• dialect
• group

Multiple Choice

What is NOT a reason for the origin and diffusion of Romance languages

• The spread of the Roman Empire and its lingua franca Latin
• The collapse of the Roman Empire and its lingua franca Latin
• The isolation of many forms of Latin and their evolution into dinstinct languages
• The mountainless uniform topography which kept cultures similar and united

Multiple Choice

What was the Latin spoken by people in the provinces, referring to "the masses" introduced by  soldiers stationed throughout the Roman empire?

• Slang Latin
• Soldier Latin
• Vulgar Latin
• Pop Latin

Multiple Choice

What is the largest language branch in terms of spoken by most people?

• Afro-Asiatic
• Indo-European
• Sino-Tibetan
• Austronesian

Multiple Choice

Which is NOT one of the 4 main branches of the Indo-European language family?

• Germanic
• Romance
• Balto-Slavic
• Sino-Tibetan

Multiple Choice

A language _________ is a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past.  

• family
• branch
• group
• dialect

Multiple Choice

Of the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European family, what GROUP does  India, Pakistan and Bangladesh belong to respectively?

• Indic (Eastern) group
• Iranian (Western) group

Multiple Choice

Which is NOT a language in the Balto-Slavic branch?

• Polish
• German
• Russian
• Ukrainian

Multiple Choice

Latin octo (eight) became Italian otto, Spanish ocho, and French huit. This is an example of a

• deterioration
• cognate
• dialect
• isogloss

Multiple Choice

The theory that languages spread by means of westward expansion on horseback by the Kurgan people is:

• Convergence Theory
• Nomadic Warrior Theory
• Agricultural Theory
• Nostratic Theory

Multiple Choice

The theory that Colin Renfrew argues that the proto Indo-European languages diffused from Anatolia from agricultural practices 

• Convergence Theory
• Conquest Theory
• Divergence Theory
• Sedentary Farmer Thesis

Multiple Choice

A language ____________ is a collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history.
Hint: The trunk of the tree

• branch
• family
• dialect
• group

Multiple Choice

a language developed from a mixture of different languages, usually through colonization. 

• creole language
• mix language
• hybrid language

Multiple Choice

a creole language based largely on 18th-century French with influences from Portuguese, Spanish, Taíno, and West African languages. The largest creole-speaking community in the world.

• Haitian creole
• Jamaican creole
• Sanandresano creole
• Swahili

Multiple Choice

The largest language family and most widely dispersed language in the world is:

• Afro-Asiatic
• Amerindian
• Sino-Tibetan
• Indo-European

Multiple Choice

What challenges might Nigeria have internally?

• huge diversity of languages
• colonial borders created by Britain
• an Islamic north and a Christian south
• all of the above

Multiple Choice

Which is NOT true about Swahili?

• spoken by 30 million Africans as a 2nd language
• mix of African, Arabic, and European languages
• is a lingua franca in Africa
• is not written or has no literature

Multiple Choice

What is the pre-dominant language family in sub-Saharan Africa and includes Swahili

• Afro-Asiatic
• Niger-Congo
• Khoisan
• Nilo-Saharan

Multiple Choice

Which language family....
-comes from Ural Mountains 7,000 years ago
-spoken in Hungary, Estonia,Finland
-surrounded by Indo-European languages in Europe

• Altaic
• Indo-European
• Uralic
• Afro-Asiatic

Multiple Choice

Which language family...
-is spead out over Central Asia
-peoples forced by USSR to speak Russian
-now spoken in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan... 

• Uralic
• Afro-Asiatic
• Indo-European
• Altaic

Multiple Choice

What language is
-in Afro-Asiatic family (same as Hebrew)
-spoken by 200 million as 1st language
-spread from its hearth through religion

• Arabic
• Swahili
• Turkish
• Spanish

Multiple Choice

What language family is spoken by approx 6% of world's people and primarily spoken in Indonesia, Phillipines, and Madagascar?

• Austro-Asiatic
• Austronesian
• Sino-Tibetan

Multiple Choice

represent ideas or concepts, NOT specific pronunciations. 

• letters
• words
• ideograms

Multiple Choice

Which is NOT one of the largest language families in the world? 

• a.       Indo-European
• a.       Afro-Asiatic
• a.       Sino-Tibetan
• a.       Altaic

Multiple Choice

While speakers of the English language form the largest share of Internet users, both the Chinese language and the _______ language have more speakers globally.

• Arabic
• Spanish
• Japanese
• Hindi

Multiple Choice

These charts indicate that

• most websites are in Chinese.
• most people can browse Internet content in their native language.
• half of internet users speak either English or Chinese.

Multiple Choice

What language is the most spoken first language in the world today?

• English
• Spanish
• Mandarin
• Hindi

Multiple Choice

How many languages are spoken in the world approximately?

• 700
• 7,000
• 700,000
• 70

Multiple Choice

a system of communication through speech, a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning

• literary tradition
• writing
• language

Multiple Choice

the language used by the government for laws, reports, and public objects, such as road signs, money, and stamps...

• creole language
• pidgin language
• official language
• standard language

Multiple Choice

Why is English the official language in 57 countries? 

• The Beatles!
• Most effective at destroying other cultures
• diffusion of Disney movies
• Colonization

Multiple Choice

The Anglo-Saxon influence on English language and culture came from____________

• Denmark and Germany
• Norway
• Normandy and Brittany
• France

Multiple Choice

A regional variation of a standard language, including pronunciation and vocabulary, is called a:

• accent
• dialect
• isogloss
• lingua franca

Multiple Choice

In a language with multiple dialects, one dialect may be recognized as the _______________

• official language
• standard language
• standard dialect
• language family

Multiple Choice

________________ is one particular dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in the London area.  It is recognized as the standard form of British speech. 

• British Received Pronunciation
• British Radical Pronunciation
• British Royal Pronunciation

Multiple Choice

Why did dialects develop in the U.S.? 

• people got isolated 
• people came from different places with different dialects
• people created them to be more distinct

Multiple Choice

A word-usage boundary is known as an _______________, 
Look at all the names for soft-drink in the USA

• standard language
• dialect
• isogloss
• language family

Multiple Choice

In Colombia, the word boundaries marking the geographical areas where the words sandia and patilla are used, would be called a(n) _____________

• dialect
• isogloss
• language

Multiple Choice

Indo European, Afro-Asiatic, Japanese and Korean, Dravidian are examples of 

• language families
• subfamilies
• Language branch
• Mother tongue

Multiple Choice

Romance languages, Germanic languages, and Slavic languages are examples of...

• Language families
• sub languages
• Mother Tongue
• Language branch

Multiple Choice

Lingua Franca is....

• a language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce. 
• A language that is published, widely distributed, and purposely taught is most common in technologically advanced societie
• Variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines
• When people speak two or more languages are in contact and they combine parts of their language in a simplified structure and vocabulary

Multiple Choice

Countries with linguistic fragmentation will adopt this to through media outlets to tie a country together is called....

• Pidgin language
• official language
• lingua franca
• Romance languages

Multiple Choice

Pidgin language is...

• When people speak two or more languages are in contact and they combine parts of their language in a simplified structure and vocabulary
• a language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce. 
• Variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines
• A language that is published, widely distributed, and purposely taught is most common in technologically advanced 

Multiple Choice

Which of the following groups invaded England and contributed to the development of the English language?

• Angles
• Saxons
• Normans
• All of the above

Multiple Choice

Mix of a colonizer's language with a native language

• Creole Language
• Standard Language
• Official Language
• Modern Language

Multiple Choice

In which Canadian province is French the major official language

• Ontario
• Quebec
• New Brunswick
• Manitoba

Multiple Choice

Hindi and Swahili are both examples of a ___.

• Pidgin Language
• Creole Language
• Lingua Franca
• Common Dialect

Multiple Choice

Flemish and Walloons have a distinctive isogloss in what country?

• France
• Netherlands
• Belgium
• Luxembourg

Multiple Choice

The Basque Language in Spain is an example of a(n) ___ language.

• Extinct
• Endangered
• Isolated
• Lingua Franca