Industrialization Part 2

Industrial revolution

​

Warmup for the day! Go find 1 object in your house/my classroom and be ready to share your finding. Can be any object...just has to be 100% handmade!

(keep it school appropriate)

Industrial Revolution is a direct result of these agricultural changes

• Lots of new people need work

• urbanization occurring

• new technology being created

• resources abundant to use for manufacturing

• global trade = lots of money to be made in mass production

Open Ended

Where do you think the industrial revolution would begin? based on the recipe of workers+resources+big cities+thriving economy

ALSO VERY Important: Plenty of COAL + IRON

Textile boom!

-the first major industry to be transformed was textiles

-small weaving shops turned into massive warehouse mills with crazy machinery (such as flying shuttle/ spinning jenny)

cost of clothing/fabric/sheets went way down but cotton went up

Multiple Choice

Who would the textile mill be most likely to hire?

• old woman

• old man

• young man

• middle age women

• young children

Benefits of Industrial society

• everyone has job options

• consumer products are MUCH cheaper

• things are available worldwide and faster

• creation of middle class

Open Ended

What are the downsides to industrialization?

Child Labor

obviously the most tragic side effect.

kids as old as toddlers would begin working full time

small workers with small hands.

Often worked dangerous horrible jobs

Over-population

too many people

shoddy cheap slums

bad or no sanitation

disease is everywhere

Pollution and waste

tons of toxic fumes

chemical waste

unsanitary by products and items

permanently altered our planet and the cities of industry

Unsafe conditions

tons of injuries and death

no insurance

no liability

no safety rules

Open Ended

to conclude today:

Based on today's info, do you feel like we are better off now that everything is industrialized?

Or do you think it was a bad decision?

Explain why in a few sentences

Women During the Industrial Revolution

​

Working Women

The Industrial Revolution was a major turning point in history and changed the way of life for everyone. One major change was a shift in the roles of women. For the first time, a large number of women began to work jobs outside of the home. This newfound independence gave rise to other changes including the women's rights movement.

Lowell Mill Girls

One of the first factories in the United States to begin hiring women was the textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts. By the 1840s, around seventy-five percent of the workforce at Lowell mills were women. These women became known as "Mill Girls" or "Lowell Girls."

Getting Away From The Farm

Most of the "Mill Girls" were the daughters of farmers in the northeast. They took the opportunity to get away from the farm and make some money of their own. Sometimes girls took the jobs to help out their family or to save money for a future family. The women lived in large boarding houses with hundreds of other women. There were lots of rules that the girls had to live by. They typically shared a room with several other women, had to attend church on Sundays, and no men were allowed in the boarding houses.

Lower Wages and Poor Safety

One reason that the factory owners liked to hire women was because they could pay them less. At the time, women made around half of what men made for doing the same job. It may sound strange now, but back then people thought that men should make more money because they provided for the family, while the money women made was considered "extra" money. A Young Girl Working by Lewis Wickes Hine Working conditions in the factories were not great. The women worked long hours from early morning to late at night. They often worked over 70 hours a week. The factory rooms were crowed and very loud. Although the women did much of the work, the supervisors were generally all men.

Other Jobs

Besides working in textile factories, women began to work all sorts of jobs including jobs as teachers, office clerks, nurses, and seamstresses.

Woman's Rights Movement

As women began to work together in large groups, they gained a sense of community. They joined the labor movement to improve working conditions and fought for the abolition of slavery. They also began to fight for women's rights. Leaders such as Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton formed groups to push for women's right to vote during the Industrial Revolution. It took a long time and a lot of work, but women finally gained the right to vote when the 19th Amendment was ratified in 1920.

Interesting Facts

• The Lowell women had their own monthly publication where they contributed articles, poems, and stories.

• Dorothea Dix recruited thousands of women to become nurses during the Civil War.

• The first women's rights convention was held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848.

• When the Lowell factory tried to raise the rent at the boarding houses in 1836, the Lowell women went on strike. The factory eventually gave in and lowered the rent.

• Typical wages in the mid-1800s for a woman working at a mill was between $3.00 and $3.50 a week.

The Civil War

The Civil War took place during the latter part of the Industrial Revolution. With so many men gone to war or killed in battle, new jobs were opened up to women and even more women entered the work force.

Multiple Choice

1. In what city in Massachusetts did a large number of women first begin to work in the mills?

• a. Boston

• b. Springfield

• c. Cambridge

• d. Lowell

• e. New Bedford

Multiple Choice

2. What was the background of most of the mill girls?

• a. Farmers' daughters

• b. Orphans from England

• c. Older women who never married

• d. Mine workers

• e. Rich city girls

Multiple Choice

3. Why did factory owners like to hire women?

• a. Because they worked harder than men

• b. Because they were strong

• c. Because they could pay them less than men

• d. To help women enter the workforce

• e. To meet government regulations

Multiple Choice

4. True or False: Most of the supervisors in the factories were also women.

• a. TRUE

• b. FALSE

Multiple Choice

5. What did the women of Lowell Mills do in 1836 when the company raised their rent?

• a. They paid the higher rent

• b. They destroyed the factory

• c. They took other jobs

• d. They started their own factory

• e. They went on strike

Multiple Choice

6. What movement started when women began to work outside the home?

• a. Women's Rights Movement

• b. Disability Movement

• c. Child Labor Movement

• d. Minimum Wage Movement

• e. None of the above

Multiple Choice

7. Who recruited thousands of women to become nurses during the Civil War?

• a. Susan B. Anthony

• b. Elizabeth Stanton

• c. Dorothea Dix

• d. Mary Todd Lincoln

• e. Alice Johnson

Multiple Choice

8. Around how much a week did a woman working at a mill make in the mid-1800s?

• a. $3

• b. $15

• c. $50

• d. $100

• e. $200

Multiple Choice

9. What amendment to the Constitution gave women the right to vote in 1920?

• a. 2nd

• b. 5th

• c. 13th

• d. 14th

• e. 19th

Multiple Choice

10. True or False: Women were paid less because their wages were looked at as extra money.

• a. TRUE

• b. FALSE

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Chapter 1

Learning Objectives

• Recognize the origins of the Industrial Revolution

• Understand the unsafe, oppressive working conditions in mines and mills

• Understand the role of women and children as laborers

Chapter 1 Vocabulary

• Loom (n): a machine used to weave threads into cloth

• Industrial Revolution (n): a period of history during which the use of machines to produce goods changed society and the economy

• Industrialization (n): a shift to the widespread use of machines and factories to produce goods

• Poorhouse (n): a place where poor people were sent to live if they were unable to pay their bills

Chapter 11 Vocabulary

• Union (n): an organization formed by workers to win and protect workers' rights

• Economy (n): the way a country manages its money and resources to produce, buy, and sell goods and services

• Free Market (n): an economic system based on competition between private businesses, where the government does not control prices

The World Transformed

• Some of the most important changes in all human history began in Great Britain in the 1700s and early 1800s

• Steam-powered engines and pumps began to replace animals and human muscle power

• Steam Power - helped pump water out of coal mines

• Helped grind grain into flour

• Ran machines in factories that powered looms to weave cloth

Multiple Choice

The Industrial Revolution happening during the _____ and the ____.

• 1700s, 1800s

• 1800s, 1900s

• 1900s, 2000s

• 1500s, 1600s

Effects of Industrial Revolution

• More and more factories built in cities

• Drew workers from the countryside to the cities

• By late 1800s - Spread beyond Great Britain to Europe and to North America

• Great Britain is the major country of focus during the first Industrial Revolution

• United States is the focus of the second Industrial Revolution

Multiple Choice

Why did people move to the cities during the Industrial Revolution?

• Jobs in factories

• Jobs on the farm

• Family

• Friends

Industrial Revolution

• Brought both positive and negative changes

• Pro - Improved the overall lives of millions by making a greater variety of goods more available and more affordable

• Pro - Provided new kinds of employment opportunities

• Con - Greater inequalities of wealth; Factory owners and businessmen became very wealthy while workers remained poor

• Con - Workers, especially at the start, had a very rough time; long hours in dangerous conditions; low wages; little or no legal protection

• Con - large impact on the environment

Patience Kershaw Speaks Out

Let's read an excerpt of Patience Kershaw's testimony before the Parliamentary Committee of Inquiry (Pages 5-6)

- 17-year-old girl

- Lived near Manchester, England in the 1840s

- Worked in the coal mines

Child Labor During Industrial Revolution

• Thousands of children (many younger than a 6th grader) worked in mines and factories

• Some were orphans - Children would be loaned out and the orphanages would bring in a profit

• Others worked because their parents needed every penny of income to take care of their large families, especially if they could not find work themselves

Reasons Child Labor was Preferred

• Could work in small, cramped quarters

• Could and would be beaten if they disobeyed

• Did dangerous tasks that adults would refuse to do

• Easily replaced

Child Labor

• Families that could not pay rent or other bills were sent to the poorhouse

• Had no choice but to send their children to work

• If the father lost his job, was injured, or died, the mother and her children were desperate

Multiple Choice

Why did early factories hire children?

• They could be paid less than adults

• They were easy to replace

• They did dangerous work that adults would refuse to do

• All are correct

Changes for Everyone

• Reformers (people who wanted to change things for the better during this time) passed laws to protect women and children from harsh and unsafe working conditions

• Inspectors traveled to factories and mines

• Small children were required to attend school at least 2 hours/day

• When these were enforced, helped

• These reforms did not help working men

Changes

• Becoming ill = no work

• Could get fired at any time

• Horrible poverty and suffering could befall whole towns and country areas if prices fell

• Workers kept working because of the promise of a better life

• Many looked towards America - land of opportunity "streets paved with gold," etc.; many people left for America

Changes

• Many wanted to stay in Great Britain and Europe to make sweeping reforms

• Some even wanted a revolution that would free them from an economic system that seemed merciless

• Reformers would form unions and refuse to work in bad conditions

• Led to many people being arrested and sent to jail. They would often never work again

Multiple Choice

Which of the following was NOT associated with early factory working conditions?

• Low wages
• Safe working conditions
• Dangerous working conditions
• Widespread pollution

Industrialists

• Many factory and mine owners were unhappy, too

• Believed that many of the laws introduced to protect workers were unfair and that working conditions weren't really that bad

• Argued that the government had no right to interfere in the free exchange of goods and labor

• Argued that while the pay might be low, and the work occasionally dangerous, no one was forcing people to do the work

Industrialists

• Believed the economy would balance (take care of itself naturally) if left alone

• No one would supply or produce more goods than could be sold at a fair price; No one would want goods that were too expensive

• Believed that if the government interfered too much, it would upset this balance

• For example, if the government stepped in and protected workers' safety, it would cost the factory money, which would impact the employer's profits, which would then increase the price of the goods being produced and the wages the workers earned

7th Grade Industrial Revolution in Britain

Inventions and Labor

Multiple Choice

Which activity led to a population explosion during the Industrial Revolution?

• Invention of the steam engine

• Crop Rotation

• Agricultural Revolution

• Urbanization

Multiple Choice

His steam engine was an improvement of the Newcomen steam engine

• James Hargraves

• Richard Arkwright

• James Watt

Multiple Choice

Invented by James Hargrave in 1770, this innovation could spin many spindles of wool at one time.

• Steam Engine

• Spinning Jenny

• Spinning Mule

• Flying Shuttle

Multiple Choice

This British invention could carry tons of iron to use in factories.

• Spinning Jenny

• Flying Shuttle

• Locomotive

• Spinning Mule

Multiple Choice

Prior to the Industrial Revolution people lived in what kind of society?

• Industrial

• Agrarian

• Hunter Gatherer

• Urban

Multiple Choice

Which word best describes an agrarian society

• Hunter Gatherer

• Manufacturing

• Agriculture

• Big Business

Children and the Industrial Revolution

Children in the Mills

If businessmen in the Industrial Revolution were going to develop their factories they needed people to work for them. Many of the early textile factory owners employed large numbers of children. This was not shocking as children had always been expected to work before the Industrial Revolution. Some of the children in the mill were apprentices. These children were often orphans, who were sent to the factories from the large towns. They lived in the apprentice house near the factory. Other child workers came from m the local area. Their families relied on their wages to survive.

Children in the Mills

The factory owners paid overseers to make sure the children worked as hard as they could. The more work the children did the more the overseers were paid. The overseers were given whips. Children had many advantages as factory workers. They were paid less than adults, and apprentices were not paid at all but just worked for food and shelter. Children were also more supple, so it was easier for them to crawl under the machines to repair broken threads. They did this when the machines were working and some were badly injured. Some children were given an education at work but many were not.

Open Ended

Why did mills children for labor?

Open Ended

Leonard Horner, a factory inspector, describes what happened to a young girl in a textile factory “She was caught by her apron which wrapped around the shaft. She was whirled round and repeatedly forced between the shaft and the carding engine. Her right leg was found some distance away.”

Based on the account of Leonard Horner, how would you describe the working conditions for children who worked in mills?

In Our Time

Chapter 12

Multiple Choice

Why did early factories hire children?

• they could be paid less than adults

• they were easy to replace

• they did dangerous work that adults refused to do

• all are correct

Multiple Choice

Which statement describes mercantilism?

• to each according to his needs

• a country can grow rich by controlling trade

• the government should not try to control the market

• workers of the world, unite

Multiple Choice

which is not an idea that interested Adam Smith?

• division of labor

• supply and demand

• free markets

• communism

Learning Objectives

• Define the stages of the Industrial Revolution

• Compare the earlier stages of the Industrial Revolution to the current stage

Chapter 12 Vocabulary

• Atomic Energy (n): energy that is created by splitting an atom; also called nuclear energy

• Biotechnology (n) the use of living things, such as cells and bacteria, to make useful products

• "Shares of Stock": a small piece of a company; when investors buy shares (parts) of stock, they own a part of the company

Chapter 12 Vocabulary

• Monopoly (n): complete ownership or control of a resource or industry

• "Welfare System": A series of government programs that help the poor or unemployed people meet their basic needs, such as food and housing

• Social Security (n): a U.S. government program that provides income to people who are retired or disabled

The Ongoing Revolution

• Most historians agree that the Industrial Revolution has at least three phases

• First phase: 1760s-1860s in Great Britain, North America, and Western Europe

• Second phase: 1860s-mid 1900s in America, Great Britain, and Germany

• Third phase: 1970s to now; worldwide

The Ongoing Revolution

• At least three distinct phases of the Industrial Revolution

• First phase: 1760s-1860s in Great Britain, North America, and Western Europe

• Focused on coal and steam power to run textile factories

• Second phase: 1860s-mid 1900s in America, Great Britain, and Germany

• Stronger steel used for skyscrapers, electricity used to power factories and homes, petroleum turned into gasoline, plastics, man-made fabrics

• Third phase: 1970s to now; worldwide

• Also called the Information Age with new methods of communication like satellites, cell phones, and social media

Multiple Choice

How many stages of the Industrial Revolution do historians identify?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

The Role of Capitalism

• Capitalism has driven each phase

• Industrialists need money to open factories; scientists and inventors need money to develop and market their discoveries

• Investors invest in these people if they think it will be profitable

• Capitalism allows people to pursue private wealth while creating things to improve the lives of others

• Nowadays, to be an investor, a person only needs to by stock shares in a publicly traded company

• If a company makes a profit, the shares of stock will increase in value

• If the company doesn't profit, the shares lose value

The Role of Capitalism

• Competition between businesses forces them to offer the cheapest, high-quality products

• Gives consumers more variety of goods at a relatively cheap price

Unsolved Problems

• Capitalism provides a great deal, while also creating new problems while making some old ones worse

• Includes child labor, health hazards, inequality of wealth, business cycles, economic depressions, pollution, overcrowded cities, slums, increased crime, monotonous work, and discouraged workers

• Socialist reformers, like Robert Owen, wanted to help workers live better lives

• Karl Marx felt that only a revolution where the proletariat rose up against the bourgeoisie could solve these problems and create a perfect society

Unsolved Problems

• Communism has not worked out in practice

• "Communist" countries are run by dictators and the workers have very little say

• Socialist utopias, like what Robert Owen tried to create, tend to be short-lived

• Most countries have come to a compromise with a mixture of capitalism and socialism

Compromise Solution

• U.S. is not socialist or communist but it is not pure capitalism either

• Government is much more involved than in a laissez-faire system

• Gov. regulates businesses and banks

• Requires minimum wage and safe workplaces

• Has laws to prevent monopolies, limit pollution, and prevent destruction of the environment

Multiple Choice

The United States today is

• Communist

• Marxist

• Capitalist

• Both Communist and Capitalist

Compromise Solution

• U.S. has a welfare system to help the poor and disadvantaged

• Helps by providing low-cost childcare, low-cost housing, food stamps, and medical care (Medicaid)

• The elderly are protected by Social Security

• Pays a pension to retired people

• Medicare provides health insurance to the elderly

• Unemployment insurance exists

Multiple Choice

Which is a socialist idea that has been adopted by American capitalist society?

• welfare

• Social Security

• biotechnology

• Both welfare and Social Security

Compromise Solution

• The idea is to combine the best aspects of all systems

• How well it works depends on a person's perspective

• Some love it as is, others would prefer less government reforms, others would prefer more government reforms

• Voting is an important part of the democratic process

• Vote for candidates who share your beliefs

• Write to government leaders asking for change (whichever way that may be)

Industrial Revolution

​

Large cities created

Poll

Would you rather...

• Work on a farm in the country (no tech)

• Live in the cramped city with all the latest technology

Living Conditions

Poll

What do you think would be the worst part about living in tenements?

• Sharing one room with your whole family

• Dangerous living conditions

• The constant smell of sewage and rotten trash

• Likelihood of getting really sick

• Disgusting and dirty living conditions

If you were a child then...

Poll

Would you rather...

• school with teacher who hit you for bad behavior

• factory with dangerous conditions

• be a servant in rich person's home

• finishing school to learn how to be a good spouse

Change came slow

Committees

Raising awareness

Strikes

Effects of industrial revolution

• Labor Laws

• Schools for children

• Rich got richer

• Middle class grew

• Poor got poorer

• Polluted cities

• Major growth in innovation

Multiple Choice

What is the best way to get out of poverty?

• Win the lottery

• Well rounded education

• Wait for higher pay

• Borrow money