Unit 6 Part 1: Minerals & Rocks

Unit 6 Part 1: Minerals & Rocks

Lesson Objectives

• Explain what a mineral is

• Describe how minerals form

• Identify types of rock

• Explain and identify the stages of the rock cycle

What are Minerals?

• There are over 4000 different types of minerals, with many more being discovered each year

  • Are used in almost everything from glass to electronics

• Mineral: A naturally occurring inorganic solid with a crystalline structure and definite chemical composition

Occur in Nature

• All minerals have to be formed naturally, and not in a lab using synthetic materials

• Are formed by processes

  • In the Earth

  • On the surface of the Earth

  • Within organisms

Be Chemically Inorganic

• All minerals are inorganic

  • they do not have carbon-carbon bonds or carbon-hydrogen bonds

Solids With Crystilline Solids

• Minerals are solids at room temperature

• Crystalline structure: atoms in a compound are arranged in an orderly and repeating pattern

  • The Structure of each mineral is unique

Definite Chemical Composition

• Most minerals are compounds made of two or more elements.

  • Some minerals only have one element

• Minerals with multiple elements always have the same proportion of elements

  • Quartz=SiO₂

Properties of Minerals

• Properties of minerals can vary greatly

Multiple Choice

All Minerals...

• Have a hardness level of 10

• Have Cleavage

• Have the Same Crystal Form

• are inorganic Solids

Multiple Choice

______ is the way a mineral reflects light from its surface.

• Luster

• Streak

• Hardness

• Color

Multiple Choice

What property describes the powder that a mineral leaves behind?

• Color

• Cleavage

• Luster

• Streak

Drag and Drop

Minerals with multiple elements always contain the same ​

Placeholder

of elements.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

proportion

ratio

quantity

Multiple Choice

A naturally formed, inorganic solid with a crystalline structure

• Density

• Streak

• Mineral

• Non silicate mineral

Multiple Choice

Which of the following must be true for a substance to be considered a mineral?

• It must be organic
• It must be glassy
• It must be a gem
• It must be naturally occurring

Mineral Formation

• Minerals can form nearly everywhere

• In General, there are four ways that minerals can form

Crystallization From Magma or Lava

• Magma: The molten mixture of substances that forms within the Earth

• Lava: Magma that comes to the Earth's Surface

• As magma and lava cool and harden, crystallization occurs

• The size of crystals can be affected by many factors

  • Slower cooling yields larger crystals

    • Lava cools faster and forms small crystals

Precipitation

• Precipitation: When the liquids in a solution evaporate and the remaining solids crystallize

• Below the Earth's Surface, magma heats water and dissolved substances to cause them to precipitate

  • Often occurs in narrow channels called veins

Pressure and Temperature

• Under great pressure, atoms in a mineral can rearrange

• Polymorphs: minerals that have the same elements and compounds in them, but arranged in a different structure

  • Example: Carbon and diamond are both made of carbon, but it is different arrangements due to being compressed at different temperatures and pressures

Produced by Organisms

• Some organisms form inorganic minerals that produce hard structures that provide support

  • Examples: Calcium Carbonate in shells, Calcium Phosphate in bones

Multiple Choice

What is the terms for minerals have the same elements and compounds in them, but arranged in a different structure

• Polymorphs
• Anamorphs
• Geomorphs

• Isomorphs

Multiple Choice

Pure metals that crystallize from hot water solutions under ground often form _______ that is different from the surrounding rock.

• tunnels
• veins

Drag and Drop

​

Placeholder

is found within the Earth, while ​

Placeholder

is found on the surface of the Earth.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

Magma

Lava

Water

Diamond

Oil

Rock

Rocks

• Rock: A solid mass of Minerals and mineral-like substances that naturally occur

  • Can be made of one type of mineral or many different types of minerals

• Most rocks undergone changes, but they take long periods of time

  • Rock Cycle: a process in which rocks are heated, melted, cooled, weathered, and eroded as they slowly change between three different types of rock

Igneous Rock

• Rocks that form as magma cools and solidifies

  • Intrusive igneous rock cools below the Earth's surface

    • The most common type is Granite

  • Extrusive Igneous rock cools on the Earth's Surface

    • The most common type is Basalt

Sedimentary Rock-Clastic Types

• Rocks on the surface are subjected to erosion

• As particles are broken off, they settle in a location and can build up on each other

  • As they build up, the sediments put pressure on each other until they compact each other

• Over time, minerals seep in between the particles and bind them together

• Clastic Sedimentary Rock is composed of broken pieces of older weathered and eroded rocks

Sedimentary Rock-Chemical

• When water evaporates, it leaves behind minerals as well as other materials

• Both can crystallize and form chemical sedimentary rocks

Sedimentary Rock-Biochemical

• Dead coral and shells can bond together to form a biochemical sedimentary rock

Metamorphic Rock

• Metamorphic rock forms when a rock is exposed to heat and pressure lower than rock's melting point, but high enough to rearrange crystals within a rock.

  • Mainly occurs a few kilometers below the Earth's Surface

• Pressure can decrease the space between the minerals

• Examples: Marble and Soap Stone

Multiple Choice

Which type of Rock forms when layers of weathered materials are pressed together over time?

• Igneous

• Sedimentary

• Metamorphic

Multiple Choice

Rocks that are formed from magma or lava are called

• sedimentary

• metamorphic

• igneous

• clastic

Multiple Choice

Of the three kinds of sedimentary rocks, a rock that is made up of fragments of older rocks is called

• Clastic sedimentary rock

• Organic sedimentary rock

• Chemical sedimentary rock

Multiple Choice

Granite is an example of extrusive igneous rock because it cooled beneath Earth's surface

• True

• False