Mendelian Genetics Review

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​Two Types of Mutations

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​Substitution

​Mutation Type:
Point Mutation

When one nucleotide is changed out for another.

Affects: ONLY ONE Nucleotide

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​

Insertion

​​Mutation Type:
Frameshift Mutation

When one nucleotide is randomly added in

Affects: More than one Nucleotide
Shift Everything Right

Deletion

​​​Mutation Type:
Frameshift Mutation

When one nucleotide is deleted from the code

Affects: More than one Nucleotide
Shift Everything Left

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Effects of DNA and RNA Mutations on
Amino Acids and Proteins

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​Causes one amino acid to CHANGE into a STOP codon

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​Causes amino acid sequence to CHANGE, making a DIFFERENT PROTEIN

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​Has NO EFFECT on amino acids or protein

Drag and Drop

One basic unit of a Nucleic Acid is a​

Placeholder

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

nucleotide

amino acid

fatty acid

monosaccharide

Drag and Drop

Three Nucleotides in a row of DNA or mRNA are called a...

Placeholder

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

Codon

Sugar

Ribosome

acid

Protein

Poll

If one nucleotide is affected in a point mutation,

can this change the amino acid made?

• Yes, always

• No, never

• Sometimes

Multiple Choice

If more than one nucleotide are affected in a frameshift mutation,

can this change an amino acid made? How many?

• Yes, but only one

• No, none

• Yes and possibly many or all

Match

Match the following Mutations

• Deletion

• Insertion

• Substitution

• Point

• Frameshift

Entire sequence shifts to the left

Entire sequence shifts to the right

One Nucleotide is swapped for another

Only one nucleotide is affected

More than one nucleotide is affected and entire sequence shifts

• Entire sequence shifts to the left

• Entire sequence shifts to the right

• One Nucleotide is swapped for another

• Only one nucleotide is affected

• More than one nucleotide is affected and entire sequence shifts

Match

Match the following Mutations

• Missense

• Nonsense

• Silent

Causes chance in amino acid sequence ; results in different protein

Causes an amino acid to change into a "STOP" codon

Has no effect on amino acids or proteins

• Causes chance in amino acid sequence ; results in different protein

• Causes an amino acid to change into a "STOP" codon

• Has no effect on amino acids or proteins

Multiple Choice

What type of gene mutation has occurred here? Normal-
AGA-TTC-ATA-GCG
Mutant-
AGA-TTC-AAT-AGC-G

• deletion frameshift
• insertion frameshift
• substitution
• nonsense

Multiple Choice

A type of substitution in which no amino acids change is called 

• Missense
• Nonsense
• Silent
• Deletion

Multiple Choice

What is the correct mRNA strand from this DNA?
CAC-GTG-ACA-GCG

• GTG-CAC-TGT-CGC
• CAC-GUG-ACA-GCG
• GUG-CAC-UGU-CGC

Multiple Choice

What mutation has occurred here? 
T-G-A-C-C-A
T-G-A-G-C-A

• Substitution
• Deletion
• Insertion
• Frameshift 

Pedigrees

by Amber Smith

Multiple Choice

What does A indicate?

• A male that has the trait.

• A female that has the trait.

• A female that does not have the trait.

• A male that does not have the trait.

Multiple Choice

What does B indicate?

• line that indicates someone likes each other

• line that indicates a marriage

• line that indicates a relationship of parents and children

• A male that does not have the trait.

Multiple Choice

How many generations are represented in the pedigree?

• 2

• 3

• 4

• 5

Multiple Choice

In the diagram, individual III-3 indicates

• a female with no freckles

• a male with no freckles

• a male with freckles

• a female with freckles

Multiple Choice

In the diagram, individual II-1 indicates

• a female with no freckles

• a male with no freckles

• a male with freckles

• a female with freckles

Multiple Choice

What is the Genotype of individual I-1?

• FF

• Ff

• ff

• Can't know for sure

Multiple Choice

What is the Genotype of individual II-6?

• FF

• Ff

• ff

• Can't know for sure

Multiple Choice

How many individuals are there in the 3rd generation?

• 1

• 2

• 4

• 6

Multiple Choice

How are individuals III-2 and II-4 related?

• Brother and sister

• Dad and daughter

• Uncle and niece

• Grandfather and granddaughter

Multiple Choice

What is the mode of inheritance shown here?

• Recessive because it "skips" a generation

• Dominant because it shows up in every generation

Multiple Choice

Is this trait (the shaded individuals) dominant or recessive?

• dominant
• recessive

​Punnett Square Rules

​Large letters are dominant and are written first

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​Small letters are recessive and are written second.

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​If both letters are present, the dominant trait will show in the phenotype.

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​Try not to use letters which look the same in capital and lowercase.

​Punnett Square Terms

​Homozygous Dominant = two large letters for a trait

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​Homozygous Recessive = two small letters for a trait

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​Heterozygous (carrier) = one large letter and one small letter for a trait

Inheritance : Dominance

​There are three (3) types of dominance:

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​Complete Dominance: dominant trait masks the recessive

Inheritance : Dominance

​There are three (3) types of dominance:

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Codominance: both alleles equally show dominance for a trait

Inheritance : Dominance

​There are three (3) types of dominance:

​

Incomplete Dominance: both alleles equally show dominance for a trait

Multiple Choice

What type of dominance is shown in the picture?

• Complete dominance

• Incomplete dominance

• Codominance

Multiple Choice

A heterozygous woman marries a heterozygous man. What are the chances of a blonde hair baby?

• 0%

• 25%

• 50%

• 75%

• 100%

Multiple Choice

What is the phenotype of the offspring? (A-Brown hair; a-blond hair) 

• 50 % Brown Hair and 50% Blond Hair 
• 25 % Brown Hair and 75% Blond Hair 
• 75 % Brown Hair and 25% Blond Hair 
• 0% Brown Hair and 100% Blond Hair 

Multiple Choice

What belongs in the last box?

• RR

• Rr

• rr

• ff

Multiple Choice

Look at the punnett square shown. What allele pair would replace the "?"

• WW

• Ww

• ww

Multiple Choice

Which of the following genotypes is homozygous dominant?

• A
• Aa
• AA
• aa

Multiple Choice

Which of the following genotypes is heterozygous?

• Bb
• BB
• bb
• B

Multiple Choice

What ratio of the offspring from the cross shown will be homozygous recessive for the trait of tallness? 

• 0 in 4
• 1 in 4
• 2 in 4
• 4 in 4

Multiple Choice

What is the genotype for the black chickens?

• BB
• Bb
• bB
• bb

Multiple Choice

This type of inheritance pattern is a MIXTURE of both traits.

• incomplete dominance
• co-dominance
• Mendelian dominance
• complete dominance

Multiple Choice

Incomplete dominance or co-dominance?
A calico cat shows both the traits for orange fur and black fur. 

• Incomplete Dominance
• Co-dominance
• Complete dominance
• Mendelian dominance

Multiple Choice

A roan cow shows co-dominance in fur color (orange & white). What is the phenotype ratio expected if a roan cow and a roan steer mate together?

• 4: Orange and White
• 1: Orange : 1 White
• 2 Orange: 2 Orange and White: 0 White
• 1: Orange: 2 Orange and White: 1 White

Multiple Choice

A breed of chicken shows incomplete dominance for feather color. One dominant allele codes for black feathers, another dominant allele codes for white feathers. The feathers of heterozygous chickens of this breed will be....

• all black

• all white

• all gray

• speckled black and white

Multiple Select

What are the possible genotypes for a person who has the blood group A?

• I^AI^A

• I^AIⁱ

• I^AI^B

• I^BIⁱ

Multiple Choice

This is an example of ___________?

• Incomplete dominance
• Co-dominance
• Mendelian dominance
• Complete dominance

Multiple Choice

A black male and white female produced this grey offspring:

• Incomplete dominance

• Codominance

• Complete dominance

Multiple Choice

A long-haired female rabbit and a short-haired male rabbit produced this offspring with a medium-length coat:

• Incomplete dominance

• Codominance

• Complete dominance

Multiple Choice

When one allele is not dominant over the other, resulting in both traits expressed in a heterozygous individual.....

• Incomplete Dominance

• Codominance

Multiple Choice

A breed of chicken shows codominance for feather color. One allele codes for black feathers, another codes for white feathers. The feathers of heterozygous chickens of this breed will be:

• all black

• all white

• all gray

• speckled black and white