Woodwork Theory 1 - Lesson

WOODWORK

Theory ONE

TOPICS

• Measuring & marking
• Materials & fixings
• Reading drawings
• Bench work
• Wood joints; carcass & flat frame
• Safe use of machines and tools
• Finishes (and cramping)
• Sustainability & recycling

• Marking gauge - marking a parallel line

on the edge of wood (one spur)

• Mortise gauge - marking mortise and tenon

joints (two spurs)

• Try-square - for marking and checking

90° angles of wood.

• Steel Rule – used for measuring only

Measuring & Marking

The following tools are used in woodwork for measuring and marking purposes.

You are required to know the name and the purpose of each tool

MORTISE GAUGE

Measuring & Marking

SPURS

THUMB SCREW

STEM

STOCK

Mortise gauge marks ends of wood

Try-square marks surface of wood

MORTISE & TENON JOINT

You are also required to know the parts of the marking/mortise gauge.

Measuring & Marking

Q. Explain how you would set the marking
gauge to half the depth of a piece of wood?

METHOD ONE:
1. Measure full depth of wood.
2. Sit your steel rule on the stock and

set the spur to half the depth using
the thumb screw to tighten.

METHOD TWO (without measuring):
1. Set marking gauge to approximately

half depth and create a spur mark.

2. Repeat the process creating a spur

mark from the opposite edge.

3. Continue the process of adjusting

marking gauge using thumbscrew until
centred.

You may also be asked different ways you can set a marking/mortise gauge

Materials & Fixings

• SOFTWOOD – comes from coniferous trees (needles and do not fall off seasonally)

o Pine (White & Red)
o Larch
o Cedar

Wood can be split into three categories; soft, hard and manufactured. You are required to know a selection of woods from each category including their properties.

PROPERTIES
-Fast growing – 30 years(making it more
sustainable)

-Cheaper than hardwoods

-Easier to work with than hardwoods

-Not as durable as hardwood

-Can be sourced locally so reduced
transport pollution

Materials & Fixings

• HARDWOOD – comes from deciduous trees (leafy and DO fall off seasonally)

o Ash
o Beech
o Mahogany

PROPERTIES
-Grows slowly – 100 years(making it less sustainable)

-More durable and stronger than soft

-More expensive than soft

Materials & Fixings

• MANUFACTURED BOARD

o Hardboard
o Chipboard
o Plywood

PROPERTIES
-Comes in large sizes

-Made from waste wood (making it most
sustainable)

-Cheaper than natural wood

-Not as durable/easier to damage

Materials & Fixings

Plywood is made by gluing at
least three layers of sheet
timber together at right
angles to each other - this is
called laminating

Uses
Used in areas hidden from view
that offer support such
as floors, walls and roofs in
residential construction.

Chipboard is made by
mixing particles or flakes
of wood, stick together
with a resin and form the
mixture into a sheet. It is
often covered by a veneer.

Uses
Flat pack furniture
Kitchen worktops

Hardboard is made by
adding water to wood pulp
and pressed under high
temperatures removing the
water.

Sheets are smooth

on one side and textured
on the other.

Uses
Backs of cabinets, bases
of drawers. Only inside.

You may be asked how each manufactured board is made as well as its uses.

Materials & fixings

TYPES OF SCREW HEAD

• Slotted head

|

• Cross head

X

You are required to know about different types of screw.

TYPES OF SCREW

• Round/dome head - is a type of screw with a rounded head that protrudes above

the surface of the material it is fastening

• Countersink - a type of screw designed to sit flush or below the surface of the

material it is driven into.

ROUND HEAD

COUNTERSINK

Materials & Fixings

The purpose and process of countersinking screws

1. Drill pilot hole
2. Drill clearance hole
3. Counter sink
4. Insert screw

Process:

A countersink rose drill bit is used to create the

bevel for screw head

Purpose: Countersinking a
screw allows it to sit flush
with the work piece. This gives
a more professional look.

What is the purpose of countersinking?

• Working drawings -

detailed diagrams that provide specific instructions and information for construction

WORKING DRAWING

Reading Drawings

Reading Drawings

In practical woodwork you must know how to extract information from working

drawings to create cutting lists

CUTTING LIST

• Cutting lists -are a

straightforward list
that outlines all the
pieces of material
needed for a project,
along with dimensions
and quantities.

Reading Drawings

How many 'FRONT' pieces are needed?
Look at the Pictorial view

1

What is the length and thickness of the
back piece?
Look at the Plan for thickness and Elevation for length

114

12

How many sides do you need?
Look at the Pictorial view

2

What is the length, breadth and thickness
of the sides?
Look at the Elevation for length, Plan for breadth and
End Elevation for thickness

75

36

12

How many bases do you need and what is the
length and thickness?
Look at Pictorial for quantity, Plan for length & Elevation
for thickness

1

100

6

Bench Work

• Hand tools

o Mallet – used to drive chisel in to wood
o Ball pein hammer – used to drive nails into wood or round off edged of pins
o Bevel edged chisel – to remove areas of wood
o Smoothing plane – used at final stage to remove fine wood shavings and smooth wood

o Hand router – to remove a groove in wood

You are required to know the names and uses of a variety of hand tools.

Bench Work

You are also required to know how to set up various hand tools.

SMOOTHING PLANE

1. Using the adjusting

nut, set the blade
to the correct depth
of cut.

2.

Using the adjusting

lever to make sure
the blade is level.

(You must link the nut to
the depth and the lever to
the level/angle)

BLADE

LEVER CAP

FRONT HANDLE

TOE

HEEL

DEPTH ADJUSTING NUT

HANDLE

LATERAL ADJUSTING LEVER

Q. How do you set up a plane
before use?

Bench Work

• Saws

o Coping saw – to cut intricate shapes
o Tenon saw – to cut straight lines
o Cross cut saw – used when cutting across wood grain

Jointing techniques

• Flat frame -





Flat frame joints are primarily used for joining pieces of wood along a flat plane to create larger panels or surfaces, such as tabletops, doors, or panels.

o Halving
o Mortise and tenon
o Dowel

HALVING

MORTISE & TENON

DOWEL (flat frame & carcass)

You are required to know joints suitable for flat frame construction as well as joints suitable for carcass construction.

You also need to be able to describe tools and processes used to manufacture these joints

• Carcass - Carcass joints are typically used in furniture making to construct the

main framework or skeleton of a piece, such as cabinets, drawers, or chests.

o Through housing
o Stopped housing
o Dowel

Jointing techniques

DOWEL (flat frame & carcass)

THROUGH HOUSING

STOPPED HOUSING

Machine use and safety

• Machines

oPillar drill

Use: Cutting round holes in
material

Safety checks:
- Tray table is secure
-Drill bit is secure

-Chuck key is removed

-Guard is down

DEPTH STOP

CHUCK GUARD

TRAY TABLE

CHUCK

• Machines

oMortise machine

Machine use and safety

Use: Cutting square holes in wood

Safety checks:
-Workpiece is secured

-Cutting chisel is secured

-Cutting chisel and drill bit are not
damaged or clogged

-Lever should move freely

-Table can move freely in all directions

Machine use and safety

Q- Describe two methods of
ensuring a hole is drilled to a
specific depth

using the pillar

drill or mortise machine

METHOD ONE: set depth stop to
required depth

METHOD TWO: mark drill/cutting
chisel at required depth.

Machine use and safety

• Power tools

oOrbital sander

Use: Creating a smooth surface on wood.

Removing paint/varnish.

Safety checks:

-

extraction/dust bag is connected to

the sander

-

ensure dust bag is empty

-

cord/power cable checked for damage

-

no damage to casing

-

ensure power tool is switched off

before plugging in

-

ensure handle is secure

Machine use and safety

• Drill bits

o Twist
o Forstner
o Countersink rose

Use: drilling larger
and

flat bottomed holes

Use: Creates round holes in
wood, metal and plastic

Remember when drilling large holes always
set the drill to a slow speed. If the holes are
bigger than 10mm it is generally safer to drill
a Pilot Hole first.

(A pilot hole is a smaller hole, say 5mm, that
will act as a guide for the larger drill)

Use: Creates a tapered hole to
allow for screw head

Finishes

• Finish preparation

o Remove all pencil marks
o Soak the grain so it rises
o Sand with the grain - (start with a coarse grit (60-100) and work towards

fine grit (240-320)

o Remove all dirt and dust

You are required to know how to prepare your wood before applying a finish as well as
types of finishes and steps involved in gluing and clamping.

A cork block wrapped with
sandpaper can be used to aid
sanding.

Finishes

• Finishes

o Vegetable oil – Natural look, food safe, low durability

Application: cloth

o Varnish – Enhanced appearance allowing you to still see natural

grain, enhanced protection
Application: Brush

o Paint – Colourful, protection, customisation

Application: brush or spray

You may be asked how to apply various finished or asked to suggest a suitable finish for a
certain product.

Finishes

• Cramping

Sash clamp -used primarily

for clamping large workpieces together during glue-ups or

assembly processes.

G clamp -
are commonly used to hold pieces of wood together during cutting, drilling, sanding, gluing, and assembly.

Band cramp – holding together the corners of square or rectangular assemblies, such as boxes

You may be asked to identify various clamps

SASH CLAMP

G CLAMP

BOX CLAMP