Exam 5 Review

Exam 5 Review

Chapter 42 - Urinary System

Key Concepts to Know

• Know the major organs of the Urinary System and their function

  • Including ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

• How urine is formed in the kidneys and the path of excretion from the kidneys

• How urine volume is regulated and normal characteristics

• Use Chapter 42 Practice Quiz

Multiple Choice

We lose fluids through

• sweat

• breath

• feces

• all of the above

Multiple Choice

The functional unit of the kidney is called __________.

• a glomerulus

• a nephron

• a renal corpuscle

• a renal capsule

Multiple Choice

Which organ transports urine out of the body?

• ureters

• urethra

• renal pelvis

• collecting ducts

Multiple Choice

Where in the kidney would you find nephrons?

• In the renal columns

• In the renal pyramids

• In the renal cortex

• In the renal pelvis

Multiple Choice

Which is the first step in urine formation?

• tubular absorption

• tubular secretion

• glomerular filtration

Multiple Choice

Which sequence represents the correct pathway for the removal of urine from the human body?

• kidney → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra
• kidney → urethra → urinary bladder → ureter
• ureter → kidney → urinary bladder → urethra
• urethra → kidney → urinary bladder → ureter
  

Multiple Choice

What is the tissue region labelled B called?

• pelvis

• cortex

• medulla

• capsule

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a waste product normally found in urine?

• glucose

• urea

• creatinine

• ammonia

Multiple Choice

In countercurrent multiplication, the countercurrent refers to the fact that an exchange occurs between __________.

• fluids moving in opposite directions

• sodium ions and chloride ions

• potassium and chloride ions

• solute concentrations in the nephron loop

Chapter 43 - Fluid & Electrolyte Balance

Key Concepts to Know

• Concepts of total body water, and how water balance is regulated

• Three main fluid compartments in the body

• Main electrolytes & how they are regulated in the body

• Disorders of specific electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride)

Multiple Choice

Water movement between the ICF and ECF compartments is determined by:

• Osmotic forces

• Plasma oncotic pressure

• Antidiuretic hormone

• Buffer systems

Multiple Choice

what % of the body’s water is ECF

• 33

• 40

• 70

• 90

Multiple Choice

Substances (like salts) which break apart or dissolve in a water solution to form electrically charged particles

• secretions

• diuretics

• solutes

• electrolytes

Multiple Choice

The dissociated particles of an electrolyte

(Hint: they carry either a + or - charge)

• solutes

• ions

• hormones

• solutes

Multiple Choice

Which of the following "fluid compartments" makes up the majority of the body's fluid percentage?

• plasma

• lymph

• intracellular

• interstitial

Multiple Choice

The intracellular fluid compartment makes up what percentage of the body's distribution of water?

• approx 10%

• approx 35%

• approx 65%

• approx 90%

Multiple Choice

This hormone is released from the posterior pituitary and promotes water reabsorption from the kidney tubule back into the blood

(Hint: it assists in reducing fluid output)

• norepinephrine

• antidiuretic hormone

• aldosterone

• atrial natriuretic hormone

Multiple Choice

This hormone is released by the adrenal cortex and increases Na+ reabsorption by the kidney tubules

(Hint: it reduces water output from body)

• norepinephrine

• antidiuretic hormone

• aldosterone

• atrial natriuretic hormone

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is not an electrolyte, and therefore will not dissociate in water?

• sodium

• glucose

• chloride

• potassium

Multiple Choice

The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the interstitial tissue spaces of the body

• diuresis

• fluid shift

• edema

• secretion

Multiple Choice

This electrolyte is stored in the bones and teeth

• calcium

• chloride

• potassium

• bicarbonate

Multiple Choice

The ion that is important in cell membranes, ATP, and buffers is:

• phosphate

• bicarbonate

• chloride

• calcium

Multiple Choice

Which electrolyte imbalance is characterized by high levels of potassium in the blood?

• Hyponatremia

• Hypokalemia

• Hypernatremia

• Hyperkalemia

Multiple Choice

Potassium-rich foods can be used to treat:

• hypokalemia

• hypernatremia

• hyponatremia

• hyperkalemia

Multiple Choice

An intravenous addition of sodium can be used to treat:

• hypokalemia

• hypernatremia

• hypnoatremia

• hyperkalemia

Multiple Choice

The mechanism of action for aldosterone and the mechanism of action for ADH differ because ADH regulates water whereas aldosterone regulates:

• potassium

• chloride

• calcium

• sodium

Multiple Choice

The ion with the least total concentration in body fluids is:

• chloride

• potassium

• calcium

• bicarbonate

Multiple Choice

The major organ that balances sodium and potassium in the body is the:

• kidney

• pancreas

• small intestine

• large intestine

Multiple Choice

What is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid?

• sodium

• chlorine

• potassium

• magnesium

Multiple Choice

What is the most abundant cation in extracellular fluid?

• sodium

• chlorine

• potassium

• magnesium

• Understand concepts of pH and how acids & bases are classified

• Normal levels of pH in the blood

• Describe the different physiological buffer systems & their function

• How the respiratory & kidneys help maintain blood pH

• How alkalosis & acidosis can develop in the body

• How the urinary system helps maintain pH balance

Key Concepts

Chapter 44 - Acid/Base Balance

Multiple Choice

What causes metabolic alkalosis?

• Hyperventilation

• Hypoventilation

• Buildup of organic or fixed acids

• Excessive/prolonged vomiting

Multiple Choice

What causes respiratory alkalosis?

• Hypoventilation

• Hyperventilation

• Prolonged vomiting

• Buildup of organic or fixed acid

Multiple Choice

What causes respiratory acidosis?

• Hypoventilation

• Hyperventilation

• Buildup of organic or fixed acid

Multiple Choice

Acidosis is described as having a blood pH

• Below 7.35

• Greater than 7.45

Multiple Choice

Alkalosis is described as having a blood pH

• Greater than 7.45

• Below 7.35

Multiple Choice

A patient who is experiencing severe diarrhea is losing excessive bicarbonate ions. This patient is at risk for developing:

• respiratory alkalosis.

• respiratory acidosis.

• metabolic alkalosis.

• metabolic acidosis

Multiple Choice

The shift of calcium excess into the bone creates a condition known as:

• hyperkalemia

• hypervolemia

• hypocalcemia

• hyponatremia

Multiple Choice

The acid-base balance is regulated by the lungs and the:

• cerebellum

• electrolytes

• kidneys

• liver

Multiple Choice

The normal serum pH is:

• 7.25 to 7.35

• 7.35 to 7.45

• 8.15 to 8.35

• 8.35 to 8.55

Multiple Choice

Which ion drive the body pH level?

• potassium

• sodium

• Hydrogen

• calcium