Fundamentals of Technology

FUNDAMENTALS
OF TECHNOLOGY

By: Teacher Chath

”INTRODUCTION TO

TECHNOLOGY”

WHAT IS

TECHNOLOGY?

Technology is the application of conceptual knowledge for achieving
practical goals, especially in a reproducible way. The word technology
can also mean the products resulting from such efforts, including both
tangible tools such as utensils or machines, and intangible ones such as

software.

Technology is a term dating back to the early 17th century that meant

'systematic treatment'.

- is a form of technical eclectism that develops and plans treatments.

COMMON TYPES OF

TECHNOLOGY

COMMUNICATION

ELECTRICAL

ENERGY

COMMON TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY

MECHANICAL

MEDICAL

TRANSPORTATION

COMMUNICATION

Communication technology consists of any technology people
use to communicate with one another. Some early examples of
communication technology include Morse code and the
telegraph.

COMMON TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY

TELEVISION

INTERNET

CELL PHONES

1st Demonstrated in San Francisco on Sept. 7, 1927

designed by Philo Taylor Farnsworth since 1920

Vint Cerf (Vinton Gray Cerf ForMemRS )

one of the fathers of the Internet

January 1, 1983 (TCP/IP) Transfer Control

Protocol/Internetwork Protocol

First handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by Martin

Cooper of Motorola in New York City on April 3, 1973

ELECTRICAL

Many pieces of modern technology use electricity in some
form. A few examples of electrical technology include:

COMMON TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY

COMPUTERS

CIRCUITRY

ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE

One of the earliest and most well-known devices was

an abacus. 1822, the father of computers, Charles

Babbage(first mechanical computer.)

1800 - The first electric circuit was invented by

Alessandro Volta.

1965 - Edward Feigenbaum and Joshua Lederberg

created the first “expert system” which was a form of AI
programmed to replicate the thinking and decision-making.

ELECTRICAL

Many pieces of modern technology use electricity in some
form. A few examples of electrical technology include:

COMMON TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY

SOFTWARE

AUDIO AND

VISUAL

TECHNOLOGY

19th century - Ada Lovelace first programs Analytical

Engine.

Alan Turing is credited with being the first person to

come up with a theory for software in 1935.

The journey of audio technology can be traced back to the

invention of the phonograph by Thomas Edison in 1877.
The development of visual technology began with the

invention of the camera obscura in the 16th century, which

allowed artists to project and trace images.

ENERGY

Energy technology aims to help generate, store and transmit
energy for various purposes. Common examples of energy
technology include:

COMMON TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY

SOLAR PANELS

WIND TURBINES

BATTERIES

1881 - American inventor Charles Fritts

created the first commercial solar

panel

1888 - US wind turbine created for

electricity production is built by inventor

Charles Brush

1899 - Swedish engineer Waldemar Jungner

invented nickel-cadmium battery

MECHANICAL

Mechanical technology is the application of engineering principles
to achieve tasks more efficiently. People use this technology in a
wide variety of machinery, with some common examples of
mechanical technology including:

COMMON TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY

MANUFACTURING

HEAVY ENGINEERING

The history of manufacturing can be traced

back to the Industrial Revolution during the 19th
century, where raw materials were converted

into finished goods.

In 1886, Benjamin Holt created his first combine
harvester, followed by a steam engine tractor

four years later in 1890.

MEDICAL

Medical technology helps improve people's quality of life in several
ways. Some examples include:

COMMON TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY

DIAGNOSTICS

PHARMACEUTICAL

SURGICAL

MONITORING

The practice of diagnosis continues to be dominated by theories

set down in the early 20th century.

1885 - The first pharmaceutical company was established.

The role of surgical technologists originated during World War I

and II, with "medics" assisting surgeons in the U.S. Army.

May 1961 — Remote patient monitoring is born when Alan
Shepard, the first American in space, is monitored while in

flight.

TRANSPORTATION

Thanks to technological improvements, it's much easier to travel
than it once was. Examples of transportation technology include:

COMMON TYPES OF TECHNOLOGY

GPS

FLIGHT

VEHICLES

GPS has its origins in the Sputnik era when scientists were able to track the
satellite with shifts in its radio signal, known as the “Doppler Effect,” which
became the foundational idea for modern GPS.

Early 20th century - advances in engine technology and aerodynamics made
controlled, powered flight possible for the first time.

In 1672, the first steam-powered vehicle was invented, leading to the
creation of the first steam-powered automobile for human transportation
by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot in 1769.

COMPUTER

A computer is a device capable of executing
sequences of arithmetic or logical operations

(computation) through programming.

Modern digital electronic computers can

perform generic sets of operations known as
programs. These programs enable computers

to perform a wide range of tasks.

TWO BASIC

COMPONENTS OF

COMPUTER

HARDWARE

SOFTWARE

HARDWARE

Computer hardware encompasses the
tangible components of a computer,

including the central processing unit (CPU),

random access memory (RAM),

motherboard, computer data storage,

graphics card, sound card, and computer
case. Additionally, it comprises external

devices like a monitor, mouse, keyboard, and

speakers.

SOFTWARE

Software is a generic term used to refer to
applications, scripts and programs that run

on a device. It can be thought of as the

variable part of a computer, while hardware is
the invariable part. The two main categories

of software are application software and

system software.

TWO MAIN CATEGORIES

OF SOFTWARE

SYSTEM

SOFTWARE

APPLICATION

SOFTWARE

System software is crucial as it serves as the interface

between application software and the system. It is
written in low-level languages and maintains system
resources, enabling application software to function.
Without system software, the system cannot operate,

making it essential for overall system functionality.

Application software operates based on user requests
and runs on the platform provided by system software.

High-level languages are utilized in developing

application software, which serves specific purposes.

SUMMARY

Technology advances human civilization,
shaping industries and cultures. It impacts

daily life, driving innovation in areas like

robotics and biotechnology. Ethical concerns

arise around privacy and security, but
technology offers vast opportunities for

progress and improving lives.