DNA technology

DNA Technology

• An organism’s genome is the total DNA present in the nucleus of

each cell.

• The gene is considered the basic unit of inheritance.

• Genes are passed from parents to offspring and contain the

information needed to specify physical and biological traits

Introduction: The Role of DNA

Explain the impact of genetic engineering on the function and significance of DNA

Multiple Choice

The ______________ is considered the basic unit of inheritance.

• gene
• nucleotide
• chromosome

Multiple Choice

An organism’s__________ is the total DNA present in the nucleus of each cell.

• genome
• chromosome
• ribosome

Multiple Choice

____________ contain the information needed to specify physical and biological traits

• Chromosomes
• Enzymes
• Genes

The Role of DNA

​DNA replication

Multiple Choice

Cells use instructions from DNA to produce enzymes that make the purple pigment, this is an example of DNA__________

• Expression

• copying

• storage

Multiple Choice

DNA can make copies of itself is known as __________

• DNA replication
• DNA duplication

Multiple Choice

DNA can replicate but it cannot store any information.

• False
• True

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

In the cells, information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins.

Multiple Choice

What is the Central Dogma of molecular biology?

• DNA replication, transcription, and translation

• The process of protein folding.

• Genetic information flows from RNA to DNA to protein.

In order to study DNA, various tools are implemented to
copy and separate different DNA fragments:

• Gel Electrophoresis
Used to separate DNA fragments

• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Used to copy DNA fragments

DNA Tools

Multiple Choice

Gel Electrophoresis is used to ___________

• analyze blood type
• separate DNA fragments
• purify proteins

Multiple Choice

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is used to _________

• Detect proteins
• copy DNA fragments and amplify it

• Separate RNA

Gel Electrophoresis

•In gel electrophoresis, an electric current is
used to separate DNA fragments according to
the size of the fragments.

DNA Tools: Electrophoresis

Multiple Choice

In gel electrophoresis, an electric current is used to separate DNA fragments according to the___________ of the fragments.

• Temperature
• Shape
• Size

Gel Electrophoresis

• DNA is a negatively charged molecule

• When an electric current is

applied, the DNA fragments
move toward the positive
end of the gel.

DNA Tools: Electrophoresis

Describe the methodologies of PCR, Gel electrophoresis, and DNA sequencing

Multiple Choice

DNA is a __________ charged molecule

• negatively
• neutral
• positively

Multiple Choice

In gel electrophoresis technique, the gel is ____________ charged

• neutral
• positively
• negatively

Gel Electrophoresis

•The unique pattern created
based on the size of the DNA
fragments can be compared to
known DNA fragments for
identification.

DNA Tools: Electrophoresis

Describe the methodologies of PCR, Gel electrophoresis, and DNA sequencing

Multiple Choice

In_________________ the unique pattern created based on the size of the DNA fragments can be compared to known DNA fragments for identification.

• DNA sequencing
• Protein profiling
• Gel Electrophoresis

DNA Tools:

Electrophoresis

1- Adding the DNA samples into the gel

2-Running the samples

4- Results obtained: DNA
Bands can be identified

3- The DNA fragments will migrate
and then separate

1000 bp

700 bp

600 bp

500 bp

400 bp

300 bp

200 bp

100 bp

800 bp

900 bp

Larger

Fragments

Smaller

Fragments

DNA Samples are

separated based on size.

The smaller fragments
travel farther than the

larger fragments.

The size of the band

indicates how many DNA

fragments exist at that

size.

For example:

More Fragments
Less Fragments

Sample

1

Sample

2

Sample

3

DNA

Ladder

DNA Tools: Electrophoresis

Multiple Choice

In gel electrophoresis, the smaller fragments travel__________ than the larger fragments.

• faster
• upwards
• slower

Multiple Choice

In gel electrophoresis, the size of the band indicates __________

• weight of each band

• electric charge of the fragments

• how many DNA fragments exist at that size.

Gel electrophoresis is a method for separating and analyzing DNA fragments. The molecules are
separated based on size and charge

Gel Electrophoresis can be used to get DNA fingerprints for crime scenes/Forensics.

Gel Electrophoresis can be used to determine evolutionary relatedness.

Electrophoresis Uses

Open Ended

What applications can gel electrophoresis be used for?

DNA Tools: PCR

Polymerase Chain Reaction

•technique that is used to make millions of
copies of a specific region of a DNA fragment.

•PCR can copy or amplify a single DNA molecule
numerous times for use in analysis.

Open Ended

What is the purpose of the PCR?

Components of PCR

Nucleotides: Basic units of DNA, consisting of adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T), which are assembled during the amplification process to build the new DNA strands.

PCR machine: Instrument that performs
the PCR reaction.

Multiple Select

What are the four types of DNA nucleotides? choose four answers

• Adenine (A)

• Thymine (T)

• Guanine (G)

• Cytosine (C)

• Uracil(U)

Components of PCR

Primers: Specific molecules that target and identify the DNA sequence to be amplified, starting the amplification process.

Polymerase: Enzyme responsible for replicating and amplifying the DNA sequence targeted by the primers.

Multiple Choice

______________ Specific molecules that target and identify the DNA sequence to be amplified

• Nucleotides
• Primers
• Enzymes

Multiple Choice

DNA______________Enzyme responsible for replicating and amplifying the DNA sequence targeted by the primers.

• Polymerase

• Helicase
• Ligase

DNA Tools: PCR

• PCR is a biological version of a copy machine.
• During each PCR cycle, the reaction mixture is heated to separate the DNA strands and then cooled to allow primers to bind to
complementary sequences.

• The DNA polymerase then adds nucleotides to form new DNA molecules.

1. DNA is heated to
separate strands.

2. The mixture is cooled and
primers bind to the strands.

3. DNA polymerase
adds nucleotides to
strands, producing
two complementary
strands.

4. The process repeats and the
section of DNA is copied again.
Each cycle doubles the amount
of DNA.

DNA Tools: PCR

Multiple Choice

First step of PCR is________

• DNA polymerase
  adds nucleotides to
  strands, producing
  two complementary
  strands.

• DNA is heated to
  separate strands.

• The mixture is cooled and
  primers bind to the strands.

• The process repeats and the
  section of DNA is copied again.
  Each cycle doubles the amount
  of DNA.

Multiple Choice

3rd step of PCR is________

• DNA polymerase
  adds nucleotides to
  strands, producing
  two complementary
  strands.

• DNA is heated to
  separate strands.

• The mixture is cooled and
  primers bind to the strands.

• The process repeats and the
  section of DNA is copied again.
  Each cycle doubles the amount
  of DNA.

Multiple Choice

2nd step of PCR is________

• DNA polymerase
  adds nucleotides to
  strands, producing
  two complementary
  strands.

• DNA is heated to
  separate strands.

• The mixture is cooled and
  primers bind to the strands.

• The process repeats and the
  section of DNA is copied again.
  Each cycle doubles the amount
  of DNA.

Multiple Choice

4th step of PCR is________

• DNA polymerase
  adds nucleotides to
  strands, producing
  two complementary
  strands.

• DNA is heated to
  separate strands.

• The mixture is cooled and
  primers bind to the strands.

• The process repeats and the
  section of DNA is copied again.
  Each cycle doubles the amount
  of DNA.