Unit 1 - Lesson 4

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PowerPoint
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Unit 101: Introduction to the built environment

Know the different types of structures in the built
environment

Multiple Choice

What makes up a city’s infrastructure

• People

• Roads and Transport

• Recreational areas

• Historical buildings

Open Ended

Give some examples of what makes up the term Infrastructure?

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Transport infrastructure

People and goods are transported around the country and the rest of the
world using a range of interlinking networks.

Roads: link local and national locations, towns, cities, airports, docks etc.

Rail: linksmajor towns and cities to docks and airports.

Air: airportslink regional and internal destinations, carrying people and
goods.

Water: canals were traditionally used to transport goods before the
railways were built but are now mainly used for leisure. Modern ports are all
deep water to accommodate large ships and tankers transporting raw
materials and goods internationally.

Poll

What is missing in your villages infrastructure?

• Bus Routes

• Rail Network

• Airport

• Dual Carriageway

• Docks and waterways

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Roads

Types of Roads in the UK include:

Motorways: A network of major roads, normally three lanes wide,
connecting all parts of the UK and
avoiding built-up areas.

A/Trunk roads: Major roads between towns and cities that can be
both single and dual carriageways. There are over 28,000 miles of A
roads in the UK.

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Roads (Continued)

B and unclassified roads: Minor roads often serving
smaller towns and villages, ranging in size from dual
carriageways to single lane with passing points.

Cycle paths: A UK-wide
network of paths and routes
for walking and cycling.
These can run alongside an
A/B road or be an altogether
separate path.

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Quick Task

Spilt into groups and research one of the below bridges:
Arch bridge, Beam bridge, Truss bridge, Cantilever bridge and Suspension bridge.

Where in Britain is this bridge located

The working principles of the bridge

Some key facts about the bridge (how long it is, how old it is, what places does it link together, what is it crossing over)

A picture of the bridge

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Bridges

A bridge is a structure that crosses an obstacle such as a river, valley or
another road, without impacting on the obstacle. Bridges can be built
using one of five main construction methods, or by a mix of these.

2. Beam bridge – e.g. road
bridge in Cardigan

1. Arch bridge – e.g. Inigo Jones
bridge, Llanrwst, North Wales

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Bridges

3. Truss bridge –
e.g. Ballachulish
Bridge, Glencoe

5. Suspension bridge – e.g.
Menai Suspension Bridge

4. Cantilever bridge –
e.g. The Forth Bridge

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Viaducts and aqueducts
A viaduct is a long bridge-like structure consisting of a series of arches
that carries a road or railway across a valley or gorge.

An aqueduct carries water from a source to a distribution point. Canals
often have aqueducts to cross valleys or low-lying areas in much the
same way as a viaduct.

Pontcysyllte aqueduct

Chirk and Cefn Mawr viaduct

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Tunnels
Tunnels are artificial underground passages built to go through an
obstacle, such as a hill, or under buildings, roads or a body of water.

Types of tunnels

Cut and covered: A simple method of constructing a shallow tunnel,
where the ground is excavated, and a supporting overhead structure is
installed then back-filled.

Bored: This involves drilling through a solid land mass or under a body
of water and then lining the tube.

Immersed tube: A concrete structure is prefabricated on land and
floated out to its final location, where it is sunk, joined together and then
the water is pumped out to leave a dry tunnel.

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Service distribution
Services are transported across the country via a
network of underground or overground pipes and cables
that carry gas, electricity, water and telecommunications
to both homes and businesses.

Pylons carry high voltage electricity (often exceeding
765,000 volts) from power stations to local substations
before been stepped down to 240 volts for use in
domestic properties.

Electricity and phone cables usually cross the country on
overground poles, while water and gas are usually piped
underground.

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Towers

Mobile phone towers: These act as though they are large antennae,
transmitting and receiving radio waves to a radio base station. From here, the call
is either sent via a fibre optic cable or forwarded to another base station via a
satellite link.

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Quick Task

Spilt into groups and research one of the following flood management methods and coastal defences: Dams, Weirs, Groynes, Gabions and revetments.

Where in Britain is this flood management/coastal defence methods located

The working principles of the flood management/coastal defence methods

Some key facts about the flood management/coastal defence methods (how long it is, how old it is, what places does it link together, what is it crossing over)

A picture of the flood management/coastal defence methods

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Flood management and coastal defences

Flood management and protection of Wales’s coasts is increasingly
important with the pressures of climate change and weather unpredictability.

Dams: Designed to regulate the flow of
water and to form reservoirs for domestic
and commercial use, as well as to
generate hydroelectricity.

Temporary catchment area: To prevent
flooding caused by run-off, all new
developments must have included in
their planning catchment areas that hold
back water to allow a slower release into
main water courses.

The Craig Goch Dam, Elan
Valley Reservoirs in Mid-Wales

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Flood management

River defences: Rivers are
regularly dredged to maintain flow.
Levees, bunds and weirs assist in
regulating water flow and reducing
the risk of erosion and flooding.

Flood plains: These are natural
low-lying areas that naturally flood
when rivers burst their banks after
heavy rainfall. When houses are
built on flood plains, they are at an
increased risk of flooding should
the levees break.

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Weirs, bunds, levees, floodgates and barriers

A weir is a small dam designed to
regulate the flow of water to help
prevent erosion.

A bund is a wall built of stone or soil
formed into an embankment that
holds back water.

A levee is like a bund but is normally
formed naturally by the river.

Floodgates are designed to control
water levels in flood barriers,
reservoirs, rivers and levee systems.

A temporary flood barrier in
Ironbridge

The weir on the Afon Twrch

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Coastal defences

To prevent land being eroded
by the sea a number of
techniques have been
adopted dependent on the
location.

In seaside towns and areas
that are prone to the full force
of storm surges, sea walls
often form part of the
promenade and protect the
land from erosion.

Storm Ciara, Porthcawl in South Wales

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Coastal defences

Groynes are low walls or barriers built out into
the sea to help stop erosion and prevent
beaches from drifting or washing away.

Gabions are a versatile form of erosion protection.
They are cages filled with bricks or stones and placed
in areas prone to erosion, as the contents allow water
to flow through them and so they prevent erosion by
decreasing the velocity of the water.

Revetments are sloping structures made from
timber, rocks, concrete blocks or paving that are
built along shorelines, cliffs and sea walls to
absorb the energy from waves, preventing erosion.

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Canal and waterway structures

With the construction of canals, goods and building materials could be
cheaply transported across the border and so coal from South Wales
powered the industrial cities of England.

On canals, locks are used to raise and
lower boats between stretches of water
at different levels, allowing a barge to
travel over obstacles.

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Quays, docks and piers

Quays are stone or metal platforms that are built alongside or project
over the water, allowing ships to dock while loading and unloading cargo.

Docks are man-made, enclosed structures normally surrounded by
warehouses where ships dock to load and unload cargo.

Dry docks are man-made structures where a ship sails into a dock that
is then drained so that work on the ship can be undertaken. The dock is
re-flooded so the ship can sail out again.

Piers are raised structures that usually extend from the shore into the
sea. These were traditionally used for boarding boats at sea but most
are now used for recreational purposes.

Open Ended

List as many different renewable energy sources as you can:

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Renewable energy

With the rise of global warming and the depletion of fossil fuels, the
production of energy from renewable sources is becoming more and
more important. The following are the most common ways of producing
energy which feeds into the National Grid:

•Wind farms produce clean electricity from wind turbines.

•Tidal movement is being harvested to produce electricity.

•Solar farms produce electricity from sunlight.

•Industrial biomass boilers using wood pellets or timber are being
used to replace fossil fuels to produce sustainable electricity.

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Renewable energy continued

Renewable energy generation is a major design feature in new buildings.
Buildings can be heated and generate electricity from renewable
sources. These technologies include:

•Solar water heating whichdirectly absorbs the heat of the sun and
circulates it through a heat exchanger into the hot water storage tank
of the building.

•Domestic biomass boilers, fueled with wood pellets or timber that
can be used to heat a building and hot water.

•Air source heat pumps transfer heat from the air outside a building
using a refrigerant system.

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Renewable energy continued

•Ground source heat pumps use a ground heat exchange loop
placed underground. Water is naturally heated underground and is
pumped back to the surface where it is used to run heating systems
and produce hot water.

•Photovoltaic cells can be positioned on a roof or on the ground and
supply electricity to a building. Any excess electricity is then fed into
the National Grid.

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Air source heat pump

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Ground source heat pump

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Any questions?

Fill in the Blank

To prevent costal erosion groynes are installed to stop the ______ washing away

Multiple Choice

Bored tunnelling can only be used through solid land mass above sea level

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Pylons carry 765,000 volts (V). What voltage is this stepped down to in a substation before use in a domestic property?

• 25V

• 110V

• 240V

• 415V

Multiple Select

What are the main two primary purposes of a dam?

• Provide water for domestic and commercial use

• Form lakes for social and domestic pleasure

• Reduce the need for river dredging

• Generate hydro-electricity

• Generate solar power

Multiple Choice

How do gabions assist in erosion prevention?

• The decrease water velocity

• The divert run-off into watercourses

• They hold water in catchment areas

• They act like a dam and stop the flow of water

Multiple Choice

What type of costal defence is shown in the picture?

• Gabion

• Revetment

• Groyne

• Sea Wall

Multiple Choice

What type of costal defence is shown in the picture?

• Gabion

• Revetment

• Groyne

• Sea Wall

Multiple Choice

What type of costal defence is shown in the picture?

• Gabion

• Revetment

• Groyne

• Sea Wall

Multiple Choice

What does LNG stand for?

• Local New Gas

• Liquified North Sea Gas

• Local North Sea Gas

• Liquified Natural Gas

Multiple Choice

What type of flood prevention is shown in the picture?

• Levee

• Catchment area

• Bund

• Weir