Structure 16-19 review & Written Expression

Multiple Choice

Skill 16: Invert the Subject and Verb with Place Expressions

Subject-verb inversion also occurs with place expressions, such as "Here is," "There are," etc. This skill involves recognizing when and how to invert the subject and verb to correctly describe locations and positions.

Question: Which sentence correctly uses subject-verb inversion with a place expression?

1.Here is the book you were looking for.

2.There are many people in the park.

3.Over there is the restaurant I told you about.

• 3

• all

• 2

• 1

SKILL 17: INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH NEGATIVES

 subject and verb can also be inverted after
certain negatives and related expressions.

 When negative expressions, such as no, not, or
never, come at the beginning of a sentence, the
subject and verb are inverted:

 Not once did I miss a question.

 Never has Mr. Jones taken a vacation.

 At no time can the woman talk on the telephone.

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSIONS

SKILL 17: INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH NEGATIVES

 In the first example the negative expression not
once causes the subject I to come after the
helping verb did

 In the second example the negative word never
causes the subject Mr. Jones to come after the
helping verb has

 In the last example the negative expression at
no time causes the subject woman to come
after the helping verb can

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSIONS

SKILL 17: INVERT THE SUBJECT AND VERB WITH NEGATIVES

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSIONS

Multiple Choice

Only in extremely dangerous situations _______ stopped.

• will be the printing presses

• the printing presses will be

• that the printing presses will be

• will the printing presses be

SKILL 18: INVERT SUBJECT AND VERB WITH CONDITIONALS

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSIONS

 In certain conditional structures, the subject and verb may also be inverted.

This can occur when the verb in the conditional clause is had, should, or were, and the conditional connector if is omitted

 If he had taken more time, the results would have
been better.

 Had he taken more time, the results would have
been better.

SKILL 18: INVERT SUBJECT AND VERB WITH CONDITIONALS

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSIONS

 I would help you if I were in a position to help.

 I would help you were I in a position to help.

 If you should arrive before 6:00, just give me a call.

 Should you arrive before 6:00 just give me a call.

Multiple Choice

The report would have been accepted
______ in checking its accuracy.

• if more care

• more care had been taken

• had taken more care

• had more care been taken

SKILL 18: INVERT SUBJECT AND VERB WITH CONDITIONALS

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSIONS

Open Ended

Each of the following sentences contain
a conditional (with a stated or implied if). Indicate if the sentences are correct
(C) or incorrect (I) and WHY.

Has he enough vacation days left this year, he will
take two full weeks off in December.

Open Ended

Each of the following sentences contain
a conditional (with a stated or implied if). Indicate if the sentences are correct
(C) or incorrect (I) and WHY.

Had we been informed of the decision, we might have had something to say about it.

Open Ended

Each of the following sentences contain
a conditional (with a stated or implied if). Indicate if the sentences are correct
(C) or incorrect (I) and WHY.

I would like to know could you help me pack these boxes.

SKILL 19: INVERT SUBJECT AND VERB WITH COMPARISONS

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSIONS

 An inverted subject and verb may occur also
after a comparison

 The inversion of a subject and verb after a
comparison is optional, rather than required,
and it is a rather formal structure.

 My sister spends more hours in the office than John.

 My sister spends more hours in the office than John
does.

 My sister spends more hours in the office than does
John.

SKILL 19: INVERT SUBJECT AND VERB WITH COMPARISONS

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSIONS

Multiple Choice

The results of the current experiment
appear to be more consistent than_____ the
results of any previous tests.

• them

• were

• they were

• were them

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSIONS

• Now 10 questions will follow as TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1-19)

• Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence.

Multiple Choice

__ variety of flowers in the show, from simple carnations to the most exquisite roses.

• A wide
• There was a wide
• Was there
• Many

Multiple Choice

The wedges __ dart board are worth from one to twenty points each.

• they are on a
• are on a
• are they on a
• on a

Multiple Choice

_____ producing many new movies for release after the new season begins

• His company is
• His companies
• The company<br />
• Why the company is

Multiple Choice

____ that Emily Dickinson wrote, 24 were given titles and 7 were published during her lifetime.

• Of the 1,800 poems
• There were 1,800 poems
• Because of the 1,800 poems
• The 1,800 poems<br />

Multiple Choice

Since an immediate change was needed on an emergency basis, ____ by the governor to curtail railway expenditure

• so it was proposed
• was proposed
• because of the proposal
• it was proposed

Multiple Choice

In the Morgan Library in New York City ___ of medieval and Renaissance manuscripts.

• a collection is
• in a collection
• is a collection
• which is a collection

Multiple Choice

Some fishing fleets might not have been so inefficient in limiting their catch to target species ___ more strict in enforcing penalties

• the government had been
• if the government had
• had the government been
• if the government

Multiple Choice

The Dewey Decimal system, currently used in libraries throughout the world, ___ all written works into ten classes according to subject

• dividing
• divides
• it would devide
• was devided

Multiple Choice

Individual differences in brain-wave activity may shed light on why some people are more prone to emotional stress disorders

• that others are
• and others are
• others are
• than are others

Multiple Choice

___ squeezed, the orange juice in a one-cup serving provides twice the minimum daily requirement for vitamin C

• It is freshly
• If freshly
• You freshly
• If it freshly

TOEFL
Structure and written expressions

!!!!!! Dear students,

Please kindly read first all the details on the slides because each skill presentation is followed by questions.

In order to answer correctly, you have to read first carefully the guidelines and description of each skill.

STRATEGIES FOR THE WRITTEN EXPRESSION QUESTIONS

WRITTEN EXPRESSIONS

 First look at the underlined word or groups of
words. You want to see if you can spot which of
the four answer choices is not correct

 If you have been unable to find the error by
looking only at the 4 underlined expressions, then
read the complete sentence.

 Often an underlined expression is incorrect
because of something in another part of the
sentence.

STRATEGIES FOR THE WRITTEN EXPRESSION QUESTIONS

WRITTEN EXPRESSIONS

 Never leave any answers blank. Be sure to
answer each question even if you are unsure of
the correct response

SKILL 20: MAKE VERBS AGREE AFTER PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE

WRITTEN EXPRESSIONS

 You should be careful of subject/verb
agreement in the following situations:

 after prepositional phrases

 after expressions of quantity

 after inverted verbs

 after certain words, such as anybody, everything,
no one, something, each and every

Fill in the Blanks

The climbers on the sheer face of the mountain

(need / needs) to be rescued.

Multiple Choice

Which sentence has correct subject-verb agreement?

• The books on the shelf is interesting.

• The book on the shelf is interesting.

• The book on the shelves are interesting.

• The books on the shelves is interesting.

Fill in the Blanks

The president, surrounded by Secret Service agents,

(is / are) trying to make his way to the podium.

SKILL 21: MAKE VERBS AGREE AFTER EXP. OF QUANTITY

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSIONS

 A particular agreement problem occurs when
the subject is an expression of quantity, such
as all, most, or some, followed by the
preposition of. In this situation, the subject
[all, most, or some) can be singular or
plural, depending on what follows the
preposition of.

 All (of the book) was interesting.
SINGULAR

 All (of the books) were interesting.
PLURAL

 All (of the information) was interesting.

UNCOUNTABLE

SKILL 21: MAKE VERBS AGREE AFTER EXP. OF QUANTITY

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSIONS

 In the first example the subject all refers to
the singular noun book, so the correct verb is
therefore the singular verb was

 In the second example, the subject all refers to
the plural noun books, so the correct verb is
the plural verb were

 In the third example the subject all refers to
the uncountable noun information, so the
correct verb is therefore the singular verb was

SKILL 21: MAKE VERBS AGREE AFTER EXP. OF QUANTITY

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSIONS

 !!! When an expression of quantity is the
subject, the verb agrees with the object

Fill in the Blanks

All of the students

(be) excited about the upcoming exam.

Match

Match the following:

• All of the book __________ interesting.

• All of the books __________ interesting.

• All of the information __________ available yesterday.

is

were

was

• is

• were

• was

SKILL 22: MAKE INVERTED VERBS AGREE

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSIONS

 We have seen that sometimes in English the
subject comes after the verb

 This can occur after question words (Skill 15),
after place expressions (16), after negative
expressions (17), after omitted conditionals
(18 ) and after some comparisons (19)

 When the subject and verb are inverted, it can
be difficult to locate them, and it can
therefore be a problem to make them agree.

SKILL 22: MAKE INVERTED VERBS AGREE

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSIONS

 (Behind the house) was* the bicycles I wanted.

 (Behind the houses) were* the bicycle I wanted.

 house is not the subject, however, because it is the
object of the preposition behind

 subject bicycles comes after the verb because of the
place expression behind the house

 Because the subject bicycles is plural, the verb should
be changed to the plural were

 second, subject bicycle comes after the verb were
because of the place expression behind the houses

 Because the subject bicycle is singular, the verb should
be was

Fill in the Blanks

Next to the window (is / are) a bookshelf and several chairs.

Fill in the Blanks

At the top of the hill

(stand / stands) a large tree and a few smaller bushes.

Match

Match the following:

• On the table __________ two cups.

• At the door __________ the guest.

• Inside the box __________ the letter.

• In the garden __________ a flower yesterday.

are

stands

is

was

• are

• stands

• is

• was

SKILL 23: MAKE VERBS AGREE AFTER CERTAIN WORDS

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSIONS

 Certain words in English are always
grammatically singular, even though they might
have plural meanings

 Everybody are going* to the theater.

 Although we understand that a lot of people are
going to the theater, everybody is singular and
requires a singular verb. The plural verb are
going should be changed to the singular verb is
going

SKILL 23: MAKE VERBS AGREE AFTER CERTAIN WORDS

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSIONS

Fill in the Blanks

Everyone

(want / wants) to participate in the event.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following sentences has correct subject-verb agreement?

• Someone are waiting outside

• Everyone are looking for the manager.

• Somebody is calling your name.

• Each of them have a different answer.

Reorder

Reorder the following:

Rearrange the following sentence to make it correct: "the party / is / to / Everybody / invited"

• Everybody

• is

• invited

• to

• the party

1

2

3

4

5

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5

SKILL 24: USE PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COORDINATE CONJ.

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSIONS

 These conjunctions can join nouns, verbs,
adjectives, phrases, subordinate clauses, or
main clauses

 they just must join together two of the same
thing.

 I need to talk to the manager or the assistant
manager.

 He eats and sleeps only when he takes a vacation

 My boss is sincere and nice.

 Mr. Brown likes to go home early, but his wife prefers
to stay late.

SKILL 24: USE PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COORDINATE CONJ.

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSIONS

Fill in the Blanks

"She enjoys swimming, running, and ​

(to bike)

Reorder

Rearrange the sentence to follow correct parallel structure: to the beach, / my family. / For my vacation, / or visiting / I will either go hiking,

• For my vacation,

• I will either go hiking,

• to the beach,

• or visiting

• my family.

1

2

3

4

5

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5

Multiple Choice

Which sentence uses parallel structure correctly?

• I like to read books, watching movies, and go swimming.

• I like reading books, watching movies, and swimming.

• I like to read books, to watch movies, and swimming.

• I like reading books, watch movies, and going swimming.

SKILL 25: USE PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH PAIRED CONJ.

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSIONS

 The paired conjunctions both... and, either...
or, neither... nor, and not only… but also
require parallel structures

 I know both where you went and what you did.

 Either Mark or Sue has the book.

 The tickets are neither in my pocket nor in my
purse.

 He is not only an excellent student but also an
outstanding athlete.

Drag and Drop

I will ​

Placeholder

stay home ​

Placeholder

go out, depending on the weather.​

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

either

neither

nor

or

Match

Match the following:

• She is _____ at home or in the office.

• _____ he nor she has the answer.

• _____ the teacher and the student agreed.

• He is not only funny _____ kind.

either

Neither

Both

but also

• either

• Neither

• Both

• but also

TERIMA KASIH