SC Biology EOC Review Standard 1

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a monomer of a protein?

• Amino acid
• Carbohydrate
• Nucleotide
• Fatty acid

Multiple Choice

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?

• To provide energy.

• To facilitate cellular communication.
• To store genetic information.
• To act as structural components in cell membranes.

Multiple Choice

Which macromolecule is made of nucleotides?

• Proteins
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

Multiple Choice

Review the table of the four basic macromolecules. An important element that helps to distinguish proteins and nucleic acids from carbohydrates and lipids is missing from the chart. What is that element?

• nitrogen

• calcium

• chlorine

• mangesium

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best compares the functions of lipids and carbohydrates?

• Lipids store genetic information, while carbohydrates are the main source of energy.

• Lipids are used for energy storage, while carbohydrates provide quick energy.

• Lipids make up enzymes, while carbohydrates form cell membranes.

• Lipids are monomers, while carbohydrates are polymers.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best explains how carbohydrates made during photosynthesis can be used to build amino acids and nucleotides?

• Two sugar molecules combine to form an amino acid, while three sugar molecules can form a nucleotide.

• Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are found in carbohydrates and also in amino acids and nucleotides.

• Sugar molecules are converted into proteins by adding phosphate groups.

• Sugars contain all the necessary elements to create nucleotides and amino acids.

Multiple Choice

Lysine is an essential amino acid used to build proteins within an organism. A student makes the claim that lysine can be easily formed by converting a product of photosynthesis into an amino acid. Which statement supports this claim?

• 
  Lysine contains nitrogen like DNA and RNA.

• 
  Lysine has the same carboxylic acid group as all other amino acids.

• Lysine has the same amine group as all other amino acids.​​​​

• Lysine has the same number of carbons as a glucose molecule.

Multiple Choice

Plants were grown in two different conditions. The plants on the left were grown with all essential nutrients required for plant development. The plants on the right were grown in a nitrogen-deficient medium. What best differentiates the abilities of the plants on the left and the right to synthesize molecules?

• 
  The nitrogen-deficient plants cannot synthesize lipids.

• The nitrogen-deficient plants cannot synthesize carbohydrates.

• The nitrogen-deficient plants cannot synthesize nucleic acids and proteins.

• 
  The nitrogen-deficient plants cannot synthesize cellulose for the cell walls.

Multiple Choice

A biology student learns that enzymes are affected by environmental factors. Which of the following best explains how temperature changes can affect enzyme activity?

• Higher temperatures always increase enzyme activity.

• Extreme temperatures can denature enzymes, changing their shape and function.

• Low temperatures cause enzymes to produce more energy for reactions.

• Enzymes are unaffected by temperature because they are reusable.

Multiple Choice

After a series of experiments, Xavier finds that there is a relationship between enzyme activity and temperature. He graphed his results which are shown below;

Based on his data, Xavier would state that the enzyme functions the best at:

• 10^oC

• 30^oC

• 38^oC

• 59^oC

Multiple Choice

What happens when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups of ATP is broken?

• The ATP is converted to AMP and absorbs energy.
• The ATP is converted to ADP and releases energy.
• The ATP remains unchanged and no energy is released.
• The ATP is converted to glucose and releases heat.

Multiple Choice

How is ADP converted back into ATP?

• By adding a phosphate group using energy from food molecules.

• By removing a phosphate group using sunlight.

• By breaking down glucose into simpler molecules.

• By combining ADP with ribose and adenine.

Multiple Choice

What is the difference between ATP and ADP?

• ATP has more phosphate groups and stores more energy than ADP

• ADP stores more energy than ATP.

• ATP contains ribose, while ADP does not.

• ADP contains three phosphates, while ATP contains two.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best explains the role of ATP in cellular processes?

• ATP provides structural support to cells.

• ATP transports oxygen to the mitochondria.

• ATP serves as a direct source of energy for cellular work.

• ATP stores information for protein synthesis.

Multiple Choice

The diagram shows the structure of adenosine diphosphate (ADP). What describes the conversion of ADP to ATP?

• 
  an input of energy as both phosphate groups detach

• a release of energy as one phosphate group detaches

• 
  a release of energy as a third phosphate group is attached

• an input of energy to attach a third phosphate group

Multiple Choice

What are the products of photosynthesis?

• Carbon dioxide and water
• Glucose and oxygen
• Nitrogen and glucose
• Oxygen and carbon dioxide

Multiple Choice

Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?

• Chloroplasts
• Mitochondria
• Ribosomes
• Nucleus

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes the difference between the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

• Light-dependent reactions require sunlight; light-independent reactions do not.

• Light-independent reactions produce oxygen; light-dependent reactions produce glucose.
  

• Light-dependent reactions occur in the cytoplasm; light-independent reactions occur in the mitochondria.
  

• Light-independent reactions use water, while light-dependent reactions use carbon dioxide.

Multiple Choice

What would likely happen if a plant was exposed only to green light?

• Photosynthesis would stop completely.

• The plant would carry out photosynthesis at a reduced rate.

• Photosynthesis would increase due to higher energy absorption.

• The plant would produce excess oxygen.

Multiple Choice

During the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, we would expect what compound(s) to be produced?

• glucose

• oxygen and ATP and NADPH

• water and NADPH

• glucose and oxygen

Multiple Choice

The process of photosynthesis can be represented by the chemical formula

• 
  C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy

• 
  C6H12O6 + 6H20 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

• 6CO₂ +6H₂O + energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

• 6CO₂ + H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Multiple Choice

Where does photosynthesis take place?

• Mitochondria

• Cytoplasm

• Nucleus

• Chloroplast

Multiple Choice

What GAS is released via the process of photosynthesis?

• carbon dioxide

• water

• sugar

• oxygen

Multiple Choice

What are the inputs of cellular respiration?

• water and sunlight

• oxygen and glucose

• carbon dioxide and water

• ATP and water

Multiple Choice

What are the outputs of cellular respiration?

• carbon dioxide and water

• glucose and oxygen

• carbon dioxide and glucose

• water and oxygen

Multiple Choice

Which of the following stages of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?

• Electron Transport Chain

• Fermentation
• Citric acid cycle
• Glycolysis

Multiple Choice

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

• Aerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm, while anaerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria.

• Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does not.

• Aerobic respiration produces alcohol, while anaerobic respiration produces glucose.

• Aerobic respiration is faster, while anaerobic respiration is slower.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best compares glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?

• Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria, while the Krebs cycle occurs in the cytoplasm.

• Glycolysis produces pyruvate, while the Krebs cycle releases carbon dioxide.

• Both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle require oxygen to occur.

• Both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle produce equal amounts of ATP.

Multiple Choice

If oxygen is not available what process will cells undergo to produce energy?

• Aerobic respiration
• Photosynthesis
• Fermentation
• Electron Transport Chain

Multiple Choice

What is the shape of a DNA molecule?

• Triple Helix

• Single strand
• Linear Strand

• Double helix

Multiple Choice

Which of the following base pairs is found in DNA?

• Adenine - Uraacil

• Cytosine - Guanine

• Thymine - Guanine

• Uracil - Cytosine

Multiple Choice

What sugar is found in RNA?

• Sucrose
• Glucose
• Deoxyribose

• Ribose

Multiple Choice

What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

• Stores genetic information

• Delivers amino acids to ribosomes

• Transfers information from DNA to ribosomes

• Produces energy for the cell

Multiple Choice

How is RNA different from DNA?

• RNA contains thymine, while DNA contains uracil.

• RNA is double-stranded, while DNA is single-stranded.
  

• RNA contains uracil instead of thymine and is single-stranded.

• RNA and DNA have the same sugar molecules.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes transcription?

• Copying DNA into RNA in the nucleus

• Translating mRNA into amino acids in the cytoplasm

• Unwinding DNA for replication

• Assembling proteins from amino acids

Multiple Choice

What happens during translation?

• DNA is copied into mRNA.
  

• mRNA is decoded to produce a protein.
  

• DNA is replicated before cell division.
  

• Ribosomes synthesize DNA.

Multiple Choice

Which molecule delivers amino acids to the ribosome during translation?

• mRNA
• DNA
• tRNA
• ribosomal RNA

Multiple Choice

What is the complementary DNA strand to the sequence A-T-C-G?

• T-C-G-A
• G-C-T-A
• A-C-G-T
• T-A-G-C

Multiple Choice

What is a point mutation?

• A mutation where an entire chromosome is duplicated

• A mutation that involves the substitution of one nucleotide

• A mutation that adds or removes a nucleotide

• A mutation that rearranges entire genes

Multiple Choice

What is a frameshift mutation?

• A mutation that changes one amino acid in a protein

• A mutation that shifts the reading frame of a gene by adding or deleting a nucleotide

• A mutation that occurs in the promoter region of a gene

• A mutation that causes an inversion of DNA segments

Multiple Choice

Which type of mutation is more likely to have a significant effect on a protein?

• Silent mutation
• Inversion mutation
• Frameshift mutation
• Point mutation

Multiple Choice

What is the effect of a frameshift mutation on a gene's protein product?

• It changes only one amino acid in the protein.
  

• It stops translation entirely.
  

• It shifts the codon reading frame, altering the entire sequence of amino acids.
  

• It has no effect if the mutation occurs in a non-coding region.
  

Multiple Choice

A substitution mutation changes a codon from UUU (phenylalanine) to UUC (also phenylalanine). What type of mutation is this?

• Frameshift mutation
• Silent mutation
• Nonsense mutation
• Missense mutation

Multiple Choice

If a DNA sequence originally reads A-T-G-C-C-A and a frameshift mutation occurs due to the deletion of the "T," what will the new sequence read?

• A-T-G-C-C-A
• A-G-C-C-T
• A-T-G-C-A
• A-G-C-C-A

Multiple Choice

Which type of mutation would result if a stop codon were created prematurely?

• Silent mutation
• Missense mutation
• Frame shift mutation
• Nonsense mutation

Multiple Choice

What is a possible outcome of a point mutation in a gene coding for an enzyme?

• The enzyme becomes more effective.

• The enzyme loses its function.
  

• The enzyme remains unaffected.
  

• All of the above are possible outcomes.
  

Multiple Choice

What is the correct sequence of the cell cycle?

• G1, M, S, G2, Cytokinesis
• S, G1, G2, M, Cytokinesis
• M, G2, S, G1, Cytokinesis
• G1, S, G2, M, Cytokinesis

Multiple Choice

During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell?

• Anaphase
• Telophase
• Prophase
• Metaphase

Multiple Choice

What happens during anaphase?

• Sister chromatids are separated and move to opposite poles of the cell.
• Nuclear membranes begin to reform around the separated chromatids.
• Chromosomes are duplicated and aligned at the center of the cell.
• Spindle fibers disassemble and the cell begins to divide.

Multiple Choice

What is a stem cell?

• A stem cell is a cell that cannot divide or replicate.
• A stem cell is a fully differentiated cell with a specific function.
• A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell capable of giving rise to various cell types.
• A stem cell is a type of muscle cell found in the heart.

Multiple Choice

What is the main difference between adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells?

• Adult stem cells are pluripotent, while embryonic stem cells are multipotent.
  

• Adult stem cells can only form certain types of cells, while embryonic stem cells can form almost any cell type.
  

• Adult stem cells are only found in embryos

• Adult stem cells divide more rapidly than embryonic stem cells.
  

Multiple Choice

What is cancer?

• The natural process of cell division
  

• The uncontrolled division of cells
  

• The death of cells due to aging
  

• A mutation that always leads to cell death
  

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is most likely to cause cancer?

• Mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle
  

• A frameshift mutation in noncoding DNA

• Decreased cell division in stem cells
  

• Balanced mitosis and apoptosis