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test: whos the best WNBA player

A rigorous and extensive
review process that ensures
scholarly work is credible and
high-quality.

Manuscripts undergo a series
of assessments by multiple
reviewers until they are
accepted, rejected, or sent
back to the author for
revisions.

What is Peer
Review?

Primary vs. secondary resource

Secondary sources are a
“secondhand account” of

information, adding an

additional layer of

interpretation and analysis.

Immediate, first-hand

accounts of a topic

provided by individuals
with direct experience or

involvement.

Does this source come from
someone directly involved in

the events I’m studying

(primary) or from another
researcher (secondary)?

______________________

Does the source provide

original information (primary)

or does it comment upon

information from other
sources (secondary)?

What’s The
Difference

Secondary Resource

Primary Resource

Examples:

Original research
Data sets
Surveys
Texts of law
Speeches, diaries, and
interviews

Examples:

Biographies
Books (many, not all)
Secondary analysis or
interpretation of data
Commentary articles
Documentaries

Primary vs. secondary resource

Immediate, first-hand

accounts of a topic

provided by individuals
with direct experience or

involvement.

Primary sources are the

foundation of original

research and enhance the

credibility of your

postulations.

They allow you to:

Provide credible evidence
to support your arguments
Give authoritative
information about your
topic

How to Use

PRIMARY SOURCES
Primary Resource

Examples:

Original research
Data sets
Surveys
Texts of law
Speeches, diaries, and
interviews

Primary vs. secondary resource

Secondary sources provide a

well-rounded, concise
overview of a topic and
understand how others
interpret the findings.

They allow you to:

Gain valuable background
information on a topic
Compare and contrast
your arguments with
other’s ideas

How to Use

SECONDARY SOURCES

Secondary sources are a
“secondhand account” of

information, adding an

additional layer of

interpretation and analysis.

Secondary Resource

Examples:

Biographies
Books (many, not all)
Secondary analysis or
interpretation of data
Commentary articles
Documentaries

Develop a
Research
Question

Plan the
Scholarly

Search

Start

Exploring

Modify your search
strategy based on
the database you’re
using
Keep track of your
search methods to
ensure
reproducibility

finding scientific articles

Create a PICO(T) Question

P: Patient/Problem/Population
I: Intervention
C: Comparison
O: Outcome
T: Time

Determine what databases
are appropriate for your
search

Establish your keywords

and Boolean terms

Define inclusion and
exclusion criteria

The Basic Steps of

finding scientific articles

The Basic Steps of

Create a PICO(T) Question

Example of PICOT:

In adult patients with total hip

replacements, how effective is pain

medication compared to aerobic stretching

in controlling post-operative pain during

the perioperative and recovery time?

finding scientific articles

The Basic Steps of

Create a PICO(T) Question

Example of PICO:

In individuals with suspected ACL tears,

how does the Lever Sign Test compare to

the Lachman’s test in terms of diagnostic

accuracy?

Keywords are the main points
of your topic or research
question.

Typically nouns because
they represent subjects
(rather than verbs,
adjectives, and adverbs)

Boolean Terms tell the
databases how to search with
the keywords you provide.

AND, OR, or NOT

finding scientific articles

The Basic Steps of

Plan the Scholarly Search

Determine the

Appropriate Database:

Keywords and Boolean

Terms:

Inclusion and Exclusion

Criteria:

There are numerous search engines

and databases.

PubMed

EBSCOHost

Google Scholar

Any others?

Select search engines and

databases that provide high-

quality, targeted results.

Adjust filters based on date
ranges, type of manuscript,
and study design.
Helpful Tip:

Recent studies (< 5 years)
provide modern insights
into topics.
Older literature (>5 years)
provides context, history,
and scientific progression
of a field or topic.

Keywords are the main points
of your topic or research
question.

Typically nouns because
they represent subjects
(rather than verbs,
adjectives, and adverbs)

Boolean Terms tell the
databases how to search with
the keywords you provide.

AND, OR, or NOT

finding scientific articles

The Basic Steps of

Plan the Scholarly Search

Keywords and Boolean

Terms:

How might dogs influence the mental

health of college students?

What are the keywords of this question?

Keywords are the main points
of your topic or research
question.

Typically nouns because
they represent subjects
(rather than verbs,
adjectives, and adverbs)

Boolean Terms tell the
databases how to search with
the keywords you provide.

AND, OR, or NOT

finding scientific articles

The Basic Steps of

Plan the Scholarly Search

Keywords and Boolean

Terms:

How might dogs influence the mental

health of college students?

What are the keywords of this question?

These keywords may not capture all

relevant articles...

How can we expand this search using synonyms?

Keywords are the main points
of your topic or research
question.

Typically nouns because
they represent subjects
(rather than verbs,
adjectives, and adverbs)

Boolean Terms tell the
databases how to search with
the keywords you provide.

AND, OR, or NOT

finding scientific articles

The Basic Steps of

Plan the Scholarly Search

Keywords and Boolean

Terms:

How might dogs influence the mental

health of college students?

How can we adjust our search using Boolean Terms?

How might dogs influence the mental

health of college students?

How can we adjust our search using Boolean Terms?

Narrow our results by instructing the databases to include only results

where all the keywords you combine with AND are present
Example: dogs AND mental health AND college students

How can we adjust our search using Boolean Terms?

Expand our search by linking 2 + similar terms. This tells the database that ANY of

our keywords combined with OR can appear in the search results.

Example: vegetarian OR vegan OR plant-based

How can we adjust our search using Boolean Terms?

Exclude certain words by instructing the database to ignore keywords that may be

implied by your search terms, helping to narrow your results.

Example: media AND bias NOT internet

finding scientific articles

The Basic Steps of

Start Exploring

Modify Your Search Strategy

Based on the Database

Each database has a

unique structure and

filters

Modify search terms to

match the features of

each database

Keep Track of Search

Methods

Track the databases
searched, inclusion and/or
exclusion criteria, and the
search terms used.

Spreadsheets are useful
in keeping search
methods organized and
accessible

wRITING
eXERCISE

Navigate to Blackboard
Click “Learning Central”
Find “Week 2 - Finding and
Understanding Scientific Writing”

Let’s Flex Our Knowledge

For this exercise:

Create a PICO(T)

Question

based on your unique

scholarly interest

Plan Your Literature

Search

Explore the
Literature

Reflect and

Compare

using targeted search

terms across 2+ databases

find and download 4

related RECENT articles

write a 300 - 500 word

reflection