Meta-ethics

Meta Ethics

By TERRENCE KRUGER

Multiple Choice

What is meta-ethics?

• It is concerned with what is meant by right or wrong

• It is concerned with normative ethical theories

• It is concerned with Divine Command Theory alone

• It is concerned with principles of normative ethics

Multiple Choice

What is the Hedonic Calculus

• The method devised by Mill to assess if a proposal would maximise pleasure overall

• The method devised by Bentham to assessing whether a proposed action would maximise pleasure overall

Multiple Select

What are the two main forms of meta ethics?

• 2. Non cognitivism- there is no such thing as a moral truths, moral facts are subjective emotional responses.

• 1. Cognitivism- moral truths exist independently of the mind, they can be true/false and terms such as ‘right’ correspond to things in the world

• 2. Non cognitivism- there is such thing as a moral truth, moral facts are not subjective emotional responses.

Multiple Choice

What is the difference between realism and anti realism?

• Non cognitivists are moral anti-realists, moral facts don’t exist and are subjective.

• Cognitivists are moral realists, certain actions are right/wrong and moral judgements can be objective moral facts.

• Non cognitivists are moral realists, moral facts exist and are not subjective.

Multiple Choice

What is Hume’s is/ought gap?

• Deriving what is true from what you like is an example of false deduction.

• Deriving what is done from what ought to be done is an example of false deduction.

• Deriving what ought to be done from what is done is an example of false deduction.

• Deriving what is false from what you like is an example of false deduction.

Multiple Choice

What is mill’s argument that the utilitarian understanding of human nature is the origin of morality?

• P1. The aim of our desires is happiness. P2. Things are desirable as people desire them insofar as sounds are audible as people hear them. P3. Personal happiness is a good to each person. P4. As society is a sum of individual interests, general happiness is a good for this sum of interests. C. The good is pleasure.

• P1. The aim of our desires is happiness. P2. Things are desirable as people desire them insofar as sounds are audible as people hear them. P3. Personal happiness is a good to each person. P4. As society is a sum of individual interests, general happiness is a good for this sum of interests. C. The good is happiness.

• P1. The aim of our desires is happiness. P2. Things are desirable as people desire them insofar as sounds are audible as people hear them. P3. Personal happiness is a good to each person. P4. As society is a sum of individual interests, general happiness is a good for this sum of interests. C. The bad is happiness.

• P1. The aim of our desires is happiness. P2. Things are desirable as people desire them insofar as sounds are audible as people hear them. P3. Personal happiness is a good to each person. P4. As society is a sum of individual interests, general happiness is a good for this sum of interests. C. The good is morality.

Multiple Choice

Give two strengths of ethical naturalism,

• 2. It accounts for moral disagreements, if we think of the consequences of our actions in terms of pleasure/pain we can’t work out what is morally right.

• 1. Accounts for moral feelings- when we feel outraged, we feel pain, this makes us unhappy and leads to the fact that it is morally wrong.

• 2. It accounts for moral disagreements, if we think of the consequences of our actions in terms of pleasure/pain we can work out what is morally right.

• Allows all people’s preferences to count the same as they are all essentially meaningless.

Multiple Choice

What type of theory is Utilitarianism?

• secular

• religious

• a hybrid of secular and religious ideas

Multiple Choice

What did philosopher David Hume call Utilitarianism?

• The Theory of Awfulness

• The Theory of Rationality

• The Theory of Usefulness

• The Theory of Theology

Multiple Choice

Classical Utilitarianism (also known as Act Utilitarianism) was proposed by which philosopher?

• Jeremy Bentham

• John Stuart Mill

• David Hume

• St Thomas Aquinas

Multiple Choice

What is the ultimate aim according to Bentham?

• To only think about one's self

• To seek to have a list of rules so humanity knows how to behave

• To follow the commandments of God

• To seek pleasure and avoid pain

Multiple Choice

The 'Principle of Utility' aims to promote the greatest happiness for society. In practice, what does this mean?

• The society is the total number of all individuals members, so individual happiness is also vital.

• The greatest happiness must always be for the majority.

• Utilitarianism is an egoistic (selfish/self-centred) theory.

• When judging the goodness or badness of an act, we must only look at the amount of happiness it creates and ignore the amount of pain that will result.

Multiple Choice

Bentham wanted to make ethical calculations as scientific as possible; what did he develop to achieve this?

• Relativistic Calculus

• Hendonic Calculus

• Altruistic Calculus

• Monarchistic Calculus

Multiple Choice

How many criteria did Bentham have in his hedonic calculus?

• 5

• 7

• 9

• 12

Multiple Choice

'Act Utilitarianism' is a term that is applied retrospectively to Bentham's theory: what does this mean?

• Bentham coined (came up with) the phrase Act Utilitarianism himself.

• Act Utilitarianism is a phrase associated with Jeremy Bentham, but was not created by him.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT one of the seven criteria of the hedonic calculus?

• Duration

• Richness

• Purity

• Hedone

• Remoteness

Multiple Select

What is Moore's book called?

• Principled Ethics

• Principia Ethica

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is not a characteristic of Intuitionism?

• Cognitive

• Universal

• Use of Reason

• Empirical

Multiple Select

Tick the statements which apply to Intuitionism.

• Humans can all know what is good intuitively.

• There are objective moral truths.

• Moral intuition is fallible.

• Morality changes over time.

Multiple Choice

What does the prefix "meta" mean?

• "The shape of"

• "Change/changing"

• "The Nature of"

• "Bahasa Indonesia teacher"

Multiple Choice

Who was A. J. Ayer and what was he known for?

• A British philosopher known for his promotion of Logical Positivism.

• A German philosopher known for his work on existentialism.

• An American philosopher known for his theories on pragmatism.

• A French philosopher known for his contributions to phenomenology.

Multiple Choice

Meta Ethics is the study of:

• The study of the origin and meaning of ethical concepts

• The study of moral theories

• The study of rules and principles which help us make ethical decisions

• The most precisely defined area of moral philosophy

Multiple Choice

A meta ethical view that says morality is different from one individual to another, therefore there is no universal and objective morality is called

• Moral Naturalism

• Moral relativism

• Moral Virtue

• Moral Individuality

Multiple Choice

What is meta ethics?

• It analyses the reasoning behind ethical language and moral terms such as ‘good’ and ‘right.’

• It analyses the reasoning behind ethical language and moral terms such as ‘yes’ and ‘no.’

• It analyses the meaning of ethical language and moral terms such as ‘good’ and ‘right.’

• It analyses the reasoning behind religious language and moral terms such as ‘good’ and ‘right.’

Multiple Choice

which meta-ethical theory is guilty of the is-ought gap?

• naturalism

• intuitionism

• emotivism

• prescriptivism

Multiple Choice

What is meta ethics about?

• The practical means of determining a moral course of action

• The application of ethical theories to real-world moral issues

• Specific moral beliefs or codes of conduct

• The nature of ethical properties, statements, attitudes, and judgments

Multiple Choice

What do subjectivists believe about moral truths?

• They are determined by individual attitudes or beliefs

• They exist independently of our beliefs or attitudes

• They are relative and vary from person to person or culture to culture

• They have intrinsic value

Multiple Choice

What does intrinsic value refer to?

• The nature of ethical properties, statements, attitudes, and judgments

• The view that an action is morally right if God commands it

• The worth or value of something based on its usefulness or purpose in achieving something else

• The inherent worth or value of something, independent of its usefulness or purpose

Multiple Choice

What is divine command theory?

• The view that an action is morally right if God commands it, and morally wrong if God forbids it

• The belief that moral truths are determined by individual attitudes or beliefs

• The errors in reasoning or logic that weaken arguments

• The practical means of determining a moral course of action

Multiple Choice

What is normative ethics about?

• The view that moral truths exist independently of our beliefs or attitudes

• The nature of ethical properties, statements, attitudes, and judgments

• The application of ethical theories to real-world moral issues

• The practical means of determining a moral course of action

Multiple Choice

Which of the following defines non-cognitive thinking in ethics?

• A theory dependent on personal view points.

• Judgments that are not true or false because they express emotions.

• It defines the words good and bad.

• It questions whether an action is right or wrong.

Multiple Select

What are the two main forms of meta ethics?

• 2. Non cognitivism - there is no such thing as a moral truth, moral facts are subjective emotional responses.

• 1. Cognitivism - moral truths exist independently of the mind, they can be true/false and terms such as ‘right’ correspond to things in the world.

• 2. Non cognitivism - there is such thing as a moral truth, moral facts are not subjective emotional responses.

Multiple Choice

The definition of Naturalism is

• An expression of feelings to stimulate action

• A universal set of feelings

• We intuitively now how to act.

• We can prove morals using empirical evidence from the natural world.

Multiple Choice

What is moral realism?

• The belief that morals are expressions of emotion.

• The belief that moral terms refer to something mind independent and objective

• The belief that morals are contrary to nature.

• The belief that morals aren't "natural".

Multiple Choice

According to ethical naturalism, what are moral properties?

• Non-natural properties

• Natural properties

• Imaginary properties

• Undefined properties

Multiple Choice

The Ethical Theory that says we use our 'gut reaction' is called

• Emotivism

• Prescriptivism

• Naturalism

• Intuitionism

Multiple Choice

What does the prefix "meta" mean?

• "The nature of"/"What it is"

• "Change/changing"

• "The shape of"

Multiple Choice

For Bentham, 'right' is reducible to...

• pain

• preferences

• the majority

• pleasure

Multiple Choice

What, according to Aristotle, is humanity's greatest natural quality?

• happiness

• rationality

• courage

• cleverness

Multiple Choice

Hume's Law is otherwise known as...

• the Naturalistic Fallacy.

• the Fallacy of Composition.

• not studying philosophy on Mondays and Tuesdays.

• the Is/Ought Fallacy.

Multiple Choice

Nihilism means..

• there are no moral facts and no moral truths.

• God is dead but humans decide moral truths

• there moral truths but they depend on culture

• morality is just an expression of emotion

Multiple Select

According to Hume, which types of knowledge exist? (tick all that apply)

• Empirical

• Verifiable

• Reasoned

• Analytical

Multiple Choice

Moral Realism states that:

• Moral statements are not referring to the world

• Moral statements are not capable of being true or false

• Moral claims are making reference to facts about the world

• There is no such thing as moral knowledge

Multiple Choice

For Bentham, 'right' is reducible to...

• pain

• pleasure

• the majority

• preferences

Multiple Choice

Finish Mill's quote: we have not only all the proof which that case admits or, but all which it is possible to require, that...

• happiness is good

• that people desire happiness

• that Utilitarianism is correct

• that higher pleasures are more valuable

Multiple Choice

In which book do we find Hobbes' social contract theory?

• Nichomachean

• Leviathan

• Metaphysics

• The greater good

Multiple Choice

How did Hobbes sum up people's quality of life in a state of nature?

• life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
• poor, nasty, brutish, and short
• fulfilling, long-lived, philosophical, and introspective
• scared, hungry, lonely, and cold

Multiple Choice

According to Hobbes, people agreed to give up some __________________ in exchange for __________________ as part of the social contract.

• rights and power / protection
• food and shelter / weapons
• security and protection / freedom
• money / goods and services

Multiple Choice

In Hobbes's view of the social contract, people retained the right to question, overthrow, or replace their government.

• True
• False

Multiple Choice

During the 1800s, the writings of Marx, Engels, and Dickens focused attention on the problems faced by

• factory owners

• investment bankers

• farm laborers

• industrial workers

Multiple Choice

For Karl Marx, what sits at the base of society?

• Religoin

• Politics

• Education

• Economy

Multiple Choice

For Karl Marx, God...

• Creates the rules we should all follow

• Is used as a vehicle for the powerful to control the workers

Multiple Choice

Let's play a game! Can you tell me a simple definition for ethics and morality?

• Is it about what is right and why it is right?

• Or maybe it's about what is wrong and why it is wrong?

• Could it be as simple as distinguishing right from wrong?

Multiple Choice

What's moral realism?

• The belief that morals are expressions of emotion.

• The belief that moral terms refer to something mind independent and objective

• The belief that morals are contrary to nature.

• The belief that morals aren't "natural".

Multiple Choice

Can you spot the odd one out? Which of these is NOT a method used to make ethical decisions?

• Greater good - sounds noble, right?

• Golden rule - treat others how you want to be treated, simple!

• Feelings and opinions - because sometimes, it's all about the gut feeling!

• Amount of jail time - wait, what?!

Multiple Choice

Which theory is an example of a naturalist ethical theory that reduces 'good' to pleasure and 'bad' to pain?

• Deontology

• Virtue Ethics

• Utilitarianism

• Kantian Ethics

Multiple Choice

Can you guess what the Golden Rule is all about?

• Is it about treating dogs and animals the way they ought to be treated?

• Could it be 'Do unto others as you would have them do unto you'?

• Or is it 'revenge is the key get revenge'?

Multiple Choice

Cognitivism claims...

• ...that moral language expresses propositions which can be known.

• ... that moral language doesn't express beliefs, but some other state.

• ... that moral language is motivating.

• ...that moral properties are mind-independent.

Multiple Choice

Imagine you're a superhero, tasked with making decisions for the greater good. What does this mean you're doing or evaluating?

• Only considering how your actions will affect you

• Thinking about how your decisions will impact a handful of people

• Striving to make choices that will benefit society as a whole

• Making decisions that won't benefit anyone

Multiple Choice

What is the naturalistic fallacy according to G.E. Moore?

• Equating goodness with supernatural properties.

• Equating goodness with cultural norms.

• Equating goodness with some natural property.

• Equating goodness with personal opinions.

Multiple Choice

Imagine you're in a tricky situation, and you hear someone say 'Oh, that's a moral dilemma!' What do you think they mean by that?

• Could it be a situation where you have to make a choice that goes against what everyone else thinks you should do?

• Or maybe it's a situation where you don't have to think at all and just do what you want, without any dilemma?

• Or could it be a situation where you have to make a decision or take an action that might solve an unpleasant problem, but you're really not sure what to do or which way to turn?

Multiple Choice

Empirical evidence is based on

• What we can see, hear, touch etc

• What we can read about

• What The Bible tells us to do

• The work of David Hume

Multiple Choice

Ever wondered where the majority of our moral beliefs originate from?

• Could it be the lessons we absorbed in school?

• Or perhaps the ideologies our parents instilled in us?

• Maybe it's the habits we picked up during our childhood?

• Or could it be the ideas we exchanged with our buddies?

Multiple Choice

What is the main argument of the is-ought problem as discussed by David Hume?

• It is possible to derive moral values from statements of fact.

• Moral values are independent of factual statements.

• It is not possible to move from statements of fact to moral values.

• Moral values are the same as factual statements.

Multiple Choice

What's the secret sauce that separates the super effective leaders from the average or not-so-great ones?

• Is it the confidence to issue orders that are followed without question?

• Could it be the respect they command from others?

• Or is it the knack for choosing good behavior over bad?

• Maybe it's a detailed knowledge of military rules?

Multiple Choice

What two qualities does naturalism have?

• realist, non-cognitivist

• anti-realist, cognitivist

• anti-realist, non-cognitivist

• realist, cognitivist

Multiple Choice

Imagine you're playing a game of truth or dare. What would you call the act of choosing truth and not lying?

• Playing by the rules of Ethics

• Sticking to your Morals

Multiple Choice

Imagine you're at a dinner party. What would you call the act of not using your phone while eating?

• Morals

• Ethics

Multiple Choice

What do naturalists think of the good?

• It is an unnatural property of the world and we can infer from this property what the good actually is.

• It is a natural property of the world and we can’t infer from this property what the good actually is.

• It is a natural property of the world and we can infer from this property what the good actually is.

Multiple Choice

Imagine you're a superhero. Your mission? Assisting your mom with household tasks!

• Code of Ethics

• Code of Morals

Multiple Choice

What does ethical non-naturalism claim about moral properties?

• They are natural properties.

• They are reducible to simpler properties.

• They are non-natural properties.

• They are dependent on human minds.

Multiple Choice

Imagine you're writing a novel about a character named James. He firmly believes that the death penalty is wrong, no matter what the circumstances. This belief is a key part of his __________. Can you guess what it is?

• Personality

• Morals

• Ethics

• Culture

Multiple Choice

Imagine you're a detective! Can you figure out which of the following influences a person's prejudices?

• Is it their parents?

• Could it be their friends?

• Maybe it's the media?

• Or do you think all of them have an impact?

Multiple Choice

Imagine you're in a thrilling movie scene where you're rushing an unconscious person to the hospital. Suddenly, your partner decides to sneak a peek into the patient's purse for some cash. Would you consider this action __________?

• Ethical

• Unethical

Multiple Choice

Imagine you're a police officer and you've just ordered your favorite coffee. As you reach for your wallet, the manager grins and tells you it's on the house because of your service to the community. Would you consider accepting the free coffee as?

• Ethical

• Unethical

Multiple Choice

Imagine you're a superhero named 'Integrity'. What would be your superpower?

• Ability to avoid doing wrong things

• Ability to be nice to everyone

• Ability to never miss a day at work

• Ability to always keep your morals and values in agreement

Multiple Choice

What is one strength of intuitionism as a non-naturalist approach?

• It relies solely on subjective opinions.

• It avoids the problem of deciding what good is.

• It dismisses all moral guidelines.

• It is based on cultural norms.

Multiple Choice

Let's play a game! Can you tell me what 'Ethics' really means?

• Is it a person's belief of what is wrong and right?

• Or, is it just about appearing to be a good person?

• Maybe it's about legal obligations?

• Or, could it be moral principles that govern a person's behaviour?

Multiple Choice

The definition of Naturalism is

• An expression of feelings to stimulate action

• A universal set of feelings

• We intuitively now how to act.

• We can prove morals using empirical evidence from the natural world.

Multiple Choice

Let's play a fun game! Can you spot the difference between 'Ethics' and 'Morals'?

• Is it that morals are acceptable while ethics are not?

• Or maybe ethics is current while morals are obsolete or old?

• Could it be that Ethics are from the community (external) while morals are individual (internal)?

• Or is it that Ethics are legal and morals are not?

Multiple Choice

What is Divine Command Ethics (DCE) an example of?

• Secular naturalism

• Religious non-naturalism

• Moral relativism

• Ethical subjectivism

Multiple Choice

Hey there, smarty pants! Can you tell me the sub-categories of the subject of Ethics?

• Are they moral, values, honesty and integrity?

• Or, could they be good, bad, acceptable and unacceptable?

• Maybe, descriptive ethics, qualitative ethics, superlative ethics, modern ethics?

• Or, are they Meta-ethics, Normative ethics, descriptive ethics and applied ethics?

Multiple Choice

Hume's Law is otherwise known as...

• the Naturalistic Fallacy.

• the Fallacy of Composition.

• not studying philosophy on Mondays and Tuesdays.

• the Is/Ought Fallacy.

Multiple Choice

According to Divine Command Ethics, where do moral facts come from?

• Rational intuition

• Scientific observation

• Commands of God

• Cultural norms

Multiple Choice

What is an example of Divine Command Ethics found in the Bible?

• The Beatitudes

• The 10 Commandments

• The Parables

• The Psalms

Multiple Choice

Meta Ethics is the study of:

• The study of the origin and meaning of ethical concepts

• The study of moral theories

• The study of rules and principles which help us make ethical decisions

• The most precisely defined area of moral philosophy

Multiple Choice

Which theologian argued that God's omnipotence means nothing can be greater than God, and everything He wills must be held to be righteous by the mere fact of His willing it?

• Karl Barth

• John Calvin

• Saint Paul

• Martin Luther

Multiple Choice

Meta Ethics is the study of:

• The study of what moral language is about and how it can be justified.

• The study of moral theories from a philosophical point of view.

• The study of rules and principles which help us make ethical decisions.

• The most precisely defined area of moral philosophy.

Multiple Choice

What is one of the strengths of Divine Command Ethics (DCE)?

• It allows for personal interpretation of moral laws.

• It is based on scientific evidence.

• It offers clarity as God's commands are absolute and eternal.

• It encourages cultural relativism.

Multiple Select

According to Hume, which types of knowledge exist? (tick all that apply)

• Empirical

• Verifiable

• Reasoned

• Analytical

Multiple Choice

What is a criticism of ethical naturalism?

• It relies too heavily on religious texts.

• It equates moral properties with natural properties.

• It dismisses the role of human intuition.

• It is too subjective and varies by culture.

Multiple Choice

The Ethical Theory that says we use our 'gut reaction' is called

• Emotivism

• Prescriptivism

• Naturalism

• Intuitionism

Multiple Choice

What is one challenge faced by Divine Command Ethics?

• It provides too much flexibility in moral decision-making.

• It is difficult to determine which divine commands are authentic.

• It relies solely on scientific evidence.

• It is based on subjective human emotions.

Multiple Choice

which of these is NOT a difference between intuitionism and emotivism?

• one is cognitive, one is non-cognitive

• one believes ethical statements have meaning, one does not

• one believes that moral truths are empirical, one does not

• one is realist, one is anti-realist

Multiple Choice

An example of a Theological Naturalist is:

• Aristotle

• Bentham

• Bradley

• Aquinas

Multiple Choice

Moral Realism states that:

• Moral statements are not referring to the world

• Moral statements are not capable of being true or false

• Moral claims are making reference to facts about the world

• There is no such thing as moral knowledge

Multiple Choice

Who said our intuition comes from our "unreflective consciousness"?

• G E Moore

• H A Prichard

• F H Bradley

• T S Elliot

Multiple Choice

Empirical evidence is based on

• What we can see, hear, touch etc

• What we can read about

• What The Bible tells us to do

• The work of David Hume

Multiple Select

Intuitionism teaches that (tick all that apply):

• Good doesn't exist on it's own, it can be reduced to pleasure, happiness or God's will

• There are objective, moral truths

• Humans can use their minds to find moral truths

• We just know what goodness is

Multiple Choice

What is Emotivism?

• A theory where the idea is nonsense.

• The idea that the meaning of ethical language is not knowable as its use is only an expression of emotion.

• A theory where truth must be discovered by sense perception.

• A theory which states that we are far too emotional.

Fill in the Blank

Who stated “everything is what it is and not another thing”.

Multiple Choice

What are the two main forms of meta ethics?

• 2. Non cognitivism- there is no such thing as a moral truths, moral facts are subjective emotional responses.

• 1. Cognitivism- moral truths exist independently of the mind, they can be true/false and terms such as ‘right’ correspond to things in the world

• 2. Non cognitivism- there is such thing as a moral truth, moral facts are not subjective emotional responses.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following defines non-cognitive thinking in ethics?

• A theory dependent on personal view points.

• Judgments that are not true or false because they express emotions.

• It defines the words good and bad.

• It questions whether an action is right or wrong.

Multiple Choice

The definition of Naturalism is

• An expression of feelings to stimulate action

• A universal set of feelings

• We intuitively now how to act.

• We can prove morals using empirical evidence from the natural world.

Multiple Choice

What does the prefix "meta" mean?

• "The nature of"/"What it is"

• "Change/changing"

• "The shape of"

Multiple Choice

The Ethical Theory that says we use our 'gut reaction' is called

• Emotivism

• Prescriptivism

• Naturalism

• Intuitionism

Multiple Choice

What is the naturalistic fallacy?

• The assertion that morals aren't real.

• The assertion that to think morals are natural facts is wrong.

• The assertion that there are no mind-independent moral properties.

Multiple Choice

The philosopher who put forward the idea of intuitionism was

• George Moore

• F H Bradley

• Jeremy Bentham

• David Hume

Multiple Select

Intuitionism teaches that (tick all that apply):

• Good doesn't exist on it's own, it can be reduced to pleasure, happiness or God's will.

• There are objective, moral truths.

• Humans can use their intuition to find moral truths.

• We just know what goodness is.

Multiple Choice

Who said our intuition comes from our "unreflective consciousness"?

• G E Moore

• H A Prichard

• F H Bradley

• T S Elliot

Multiple Choice

Cognitivism claims...

• ...that moral language expresses beliefs.

• ... that moral language doesn't express beliefs, but some other state.

• ... that moral language is motivating.

Multiple Choice

Who said "The only real valuable thing is intuition"?

• F H Bradley

• G E Moore

• Albert Einstein

• Sir Isaac Newton

Multiple Choice

Which of these issues is NOT a difficulty for ethical non-cognitivists?

• Tolerance

• Explaining moral progress

• moral relativism

• nihilism

Multiple Choice

This theory knows what ethical language means because it is based on the commands of God.

• Divine Command Theory

• Situation Ethics

• Theory of the Divine Laws

• Divinity for all

Multiple Choice

Prescriptivism is an approach put forward by...

• Mackie

• Ayer

• Hare

Multiple Choice

Divine Command Theory believes that ethical values are facts.

• True

• False

• Maybe

Multiple Choice

An ethical view that claims because moral standard is different from one culture to another, there is no such a thing as universal and objective morality is called ...

• Universal Relativism

• Cultural non-naturalism

• Cultural Morality

• Cultural Moral Relativism

Multiple Choice

Divine Command Theory looks at facts in the world/human nature to show what they mean when they use ethical language.

• Maybe

• False

• True

Multiple Choice

The Ethical Theory that says we use our 'gut reaction' is called

• Emotivism

• Prescriptivism

• Naturalism

• Intuitionism

Multiple Choice

Utilitarianism is...

• Ethical Naturalism

• Ethical Non-Naturalism

• Ethical Non-Cognitivism

• Ethical Implied Theory

Multiple Choice

Explain the fact/value distinction

• A value is a statement of value that can be true/false ‘there are two people in the room.’ A fact is a belief, judgement or attitude ‘killing is wrong.’

• A fact is a statement of value that can be true/false ‘there are two people in the room.’ A value is a belief, judgement or attitude ‘killing is wrong.’

Multiple Choice

Who said "The only real valuable thing is intuition"?

• F H Bradley

• G E Moore

• Albert Einstein

• Sir Isaac Newton

Multiple Select

Ethical statements consist of (tick all that apply):

• Cognitive meaning

• Non cognitive meaning

• Facts

• Prescriptive elements

Multiple Choice

What does an intuitionist believe about moral statements?

• They are defined rationally rather than empirically

• They are indefinable but are also self-evident

• They are indefinable and cannot be known

• They show an emotional reaction to moral issues

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a weakness of emotivism?

• History reveals many examples of emotivist methods of expressing moral views, even if they are not verifiable, for example Hitler’s condemnation of the Jewish people.

• "You cannot reduce morality to a set of cheers and boos."

• It acknowledges and in some way values the existence of moral diversity.

• It is culturally aware - arranged marriage, for example, could be good or bad depending on the stance of different cultures.

Multiple Choice

An objection to moral relativism, among others, is that ...

• It doesn't acknowledge the existence of God

• We can hardly make any moral judgment on someone's action.

• Human beings are treated just like animals.

• Morality becomes objective and universally acknowledge.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements come from A J Ayer?

• We begin by admitting that the fundamental ethical concepts are unanalysable, inasmuch as there is no criterion by which one can test the validity of the judgements in which they occur.

• Emotivism is a misconceived theory of ethics.

• Emotivism is a mere shouting match of emotions

• There is a lot more to a moral statement then simply a feeling

Multiple Choice

What is non-cognitivism?

• The idea that moral truths actually exist

• The idea that moral truths do not actually exist

• The belief that moral statements are capable of being true or false

• The belief that moral statements are not subject to being true or false

Multiple Choice

What is Hume’s is/ought gap?

• Deriving what is true from what you like is an example of false deduction.

• Deriving what is done from what ought to be done is an example of false deduction.

• Deriving what ought to be done from what is done is an example of false deduction.

• Deriving what is false from what you like is an example of false deduction.

Multiple Choice

Which of the points below is NOT a difficulty for Naturalists?

• The existence of different moral views in the world

• The Naturalistic Fallacy

• The difficulty of showing how right and wrong can be detected empirically

• Moral Progress

Multiple Choice

What do non cognitivists think of the is ought gap?

• You can reason from a statement of fact to a statement of value, values are in the world, they are not emotional responses to the world.

• You can’t reason from a statement of fact to a statement of value, values aren’t in the world, they are emotional responses to the world.

Multiple Choice

Ethical view that claims moral judgment doesn't attempt to describe reality/facts but merely expresses someone's feelings is called ...

• Consciousness

• Moral Feelings

• Moral Intuition

• Emotivism

Fill in the Blank

Naturalism is—there are moral principles in the world and terms such as good can be understood in natural terms.

Multiple Choice

What do naturalists think of the good?

• It is an unnatural property of the world and we can infer from this property what the good actually is.

• It is a natural property of the world and we can’t infer from this property what the good actually is.

• It is a natural property of the world and we can infer from this property what the good actually is.

Multiple Choice

What's moral anti-realism?

• The belief that morals are expressions of emotion.

• The belief that morals aren't real or objective.

• The belief that morals are real and objective

• The belief that morals are contrary to nature.

Multiple Choice

What is mill’s argument that the utilitarian understanding of human nature is the origin of morality?

• P1. The aim of our desires is happiness. P2. Things are desirable as people desire them insofar as sounds are audible as people hear them. P3. Personal happiness is a good to each person. P4. As society is a sum of individual interests, general happiness is a good for this sum of interests. C. The good is pleasure.

• P1. The aim of our desires is happiness. P2. Things are desirable as people desire them insofar as sounds are audible as people hear them. P3. Personal happiness is a good to each person. P4. As society is a sum of individual interests, general happiness is a good for this sum of interests. C. The good is happiness.

• P1. The aim of our desires is happiness. P2. Things are desirable as people desire them insofar as sounds are audible as people hear them. P3. Personal happiness is a good to each person. P4. As society is a sum of individual interests, general happiness is a good for this sum of interests. C. The bad is happiness.

• P1. The aim of our desires is happiness. P2. Things are desirable as people desire them insofar as sounds are audible as people hear them. P3. Personal happiness is a good to each person. P4. As society is a sum of individual interests, general happiness is a good for this sum of interests. C. The good is morality.

Multiple Choice

A meta ethical view that claims what is morally true is determined by what has naturally been the purpose of human life is called ...

• Moral Naturalism

• Humanly Morality

• Theological Moralilty

Multiple Select

According to Hume, which types of knowledge exist? (tick all that apply)

• Empirical

• Verifiable

• Reasoned

• Analytical

Multiple Choice

Give two strengths of ethical naturalism,

• 2. It accounts for moral disagreements, if we think of the consequences of our actions in terms of pleasure/pain we can’t work out what is morally right.

• 1. Accounts for moral feelings- when we feel outraged, we feel pain, this makes us unhappy and leads to the fact that it is morally wrong.

• 2. It accounts for moral disagreements, if we think of the consequences of our actions in terms of pleasure/pain we can work out what is morally right.

• Allows all people’s preferences to count the same as they are all essentially meaningless.

Multiple Choice

One objection to moral naturalism is that ...

• Our natur is the only thing we can rely objectively.

• What is natural doesn't necessarily mean morally prescriptive

• Naturalism shows that morality is objective.

• Morality will never be separated from our tendency biologically and psychologically.

Multiple Choice

Which philosopher was a proponent of the meta-ethical theory of Naturalism?

• A. J. Ayer

• Francis Herbert Bradley

• Harold Arthur Prichard

• G. E. Moore

Multiple Choice

A non-naturalist ethics claims that ...

• What is moral is what is in accordance with our natural tendency.

• Human beings have moral intuition

Multiple Choice

Moral Realism states that:

• Moral statements are not referring to the world

• Moral statements are not capable of being true or false

• Moral claims are making reference to facts about the world

• There is no such thing as moral knowledge

Multiple Choice

One objection to ethical non-naturalism is that ...

• Morality doesn't exists in real life.

• How could we be certain of our conscience judgment?

• There are too many gods to believe in.

• Our body is the only means to know what is right and what is wrong morally.

Multiple Choice

Cognitivism claims...

• ...that moral language expresses propositions which can be known.

• ... that moral language doesn't express beliefs, but some other state.

• ... that moral language is motivating.

• ...that moral properties are mind-independent.

Multiple Choice

One objection to ethical supernaturalism is that ...

• Can God really order moral command?

• Families have their own moral principles.

• How far is faith influential to someone's moral education?

• There are many religions with different moral standards. Which to follow?

Multiple Select

Ethical Naturalism is the view that (tick all that apply):

• Ethical terms can be defined using the 'natural' terms we use to define Maths or Science

• Morals can be based on the same observation of the world as in Science

• All ethical statements can be translated into non ethical ones

Multiple Choice

An example of a Theological Naturalist is:

• Aristotle

• Bentham

• Bradley

• Aquinas

Multiple Choice

What is moral naturalism?

• The idea that moral terms are mind-independent, natural facts.

• The idea that moral terms are mind-independent,non-natural facts.

• The idea that moral terms are mind-dependent.

• The idea that moral terms are expressions of emotion.

Multiple Choice

For Bentham, 'right' is reducible to...

• pain

• preferences

• the majority

• pleasure

Multiple Select

Intuitionism teaches that (tick all that apply):

• Good doesn't exist on it's own, it can be reduced to pleasure, happiness or God's will

• There are objective, moral truths

• Humans can use their minds to find moral truths

• We just know what goodness is

Multiple Choice

What is the main claim of Ethical Egoism?

• Moral agents should act based on principles and rational argument.

• Moral agents should act based on feeling and emotion.

• Moral agents should act in their own self-interest.

• Moral agents should act based on intuitive knowledge.

Multiple Choice

What, according to Aristotle, is humanity's greatest natural quality?

• happiness

• rationality

• courage

• cleverness

Multiple Choice

What two qualities does naturalism have?

• realist, non-cognitivist

• anti-realist, cognitivist

• anti-realist, non-cognitivist

• realist, cognitivist

Multiple Choice

What is Hume's Law also known as?

• Hume's Razor

• Hume's Guillotine

• Hume's Principle

• Hume's Dilemma

Multiple Choice

The main consequentialist intuitionist

• Gregory Edward Moore

• George Edward Moore

• Graham Edward Moore

• Grant Edward Moore

Multiple Select

Complete Moore's quote: when I call such propositions Intuitions, I mean merely to assert that they are incapable of ..........; I imply nothing whatever as to the manner or ........ of our cognition of them. YOU NEED TO CHOOSE TWO ANSWERS

• Proof

• verification

• source

• origin

Multiple Choice

Which fallacy occurs when we use a term with more than one meaning in a misleading way?

• the fallacy of composition

• the naturalistic fallacy

• the fallacy of equivocation

• the linguistic fallacy

Multiple Choice

What is Meta Ethics concerned with?

• The application of ethical principles.

• The meaning of ethical terms and the foundations of moral principles.

• The historical development of ethical theories.

• The psychological basis of moral behavior.

Multiple Choice

Hume's Law is otherwise known as...

• the Naturalistic Fallacy.

• the Fallacy of Composition.

• not studying philosophy on Mondays and Tuesdays.

• the Is/Ought Fallacy.

Multiple Choice

Which fallacy occurs when assume that just because each individual desires something, that we will desire that thing for each other?

• the fallacy of composition

• the naturalistic fallacy

• the fallacy of equivocation

• the linguistic fallacy

Multiple Choice

What does Naturalism (or Naturalistic Ethics) believe about moral statements?

• They are based on self-interest.

• They are cognitive and can be proven true or false using evidence.

• They are based on feeling and emotion.

• They are based on intuitive knowledge.

Multiple Choice

Emotivism is sometimes known as the..

• sensitive people's theory of ethics.

• Boo-Hoorah theory of ethics.

• Boohoohoo theory of ethics.

• Baabaa Black Sheep theory of ethics.

Explanation Slide...

Naturalism (or Naturalistic Ethics) believes that moral statements are cognitive and can be proven true or false using evidence.

Multiple Choice

Prescriptivism differs from Emotivism in that

• the latter emphasises commands

• the former emphasises expressions of emotion

• the former emphasises commands

• the latter emphasises telling others how they ought to behave

Multiple Choice

What does the Naturalistic Fallacy argue about ethical terms?

• They are based on self-interest.

• They are based on feeling and emotion.

• They are unanalysable and cannot be defined in terms of natural quality.

• They are based on intuitive knowledge.

Multiple Choice

Ethical relativism states that

• There are moral facts

• We should tolerate other cultures' morals

• Moral values depend on culture

• There are no moral facts

Multiple Choice

Nihilism means..

• there are no moral facts and no moral truths.

• God is dead but humans decide moral truths

• there moral truths but they depend on culture

• morality is just an expression of emotion

Multiple Choice

What is the Open Question Argument a critical argument of?

• Emotivism

• Ethical Egoism

• Naturalism

• Intuitionism

Multiple Select

Click two anti-realist theories which claim that morals are invented by humans

• Emotivism

• Prescriptivism

• Relativism

• Nihilism

Multiple Choice

Which philosopher is strongly associated with the development of Intuitionism?

• A. J. Ayer

• Francis Herbert Bradley

• Harold Arthur Prichard

• G. E. Moore

Multiple Choice

What is the main focus of Deontological Ethics?

• The consequences of actions.

• The inherent nature of actions.

• The feelings and emotions involved in actions.

• The self-interest of the moral agent.