Cardiovascular

Cardiovascular System

• Arteries (carry oxygenated blood)

  • arterioles (small branches)

• veins (carry deoxygenated blood)

  • venules (small branches)

• Capillary bed

  • capillaries are the smallest vessels

  • direct gas exchange with cells and tissues

Blood vessels

• Tunica externa

  • outermost layer

    • elastic membrane​

• Tunica media

  • smooth muscle

• Tunica intima

  • epithelial cells

  • basement membrane

3 layers

Arteries

• Same layers as arteries

  • media tunica is much thinner

  • less elasticity

• Valves

  • prevent backflow of blood

3 layers

Veins

​Arteries

• ​thick elastic walls

• ​smaller expandable lumen (opening)

• ​higher pressure

​Veins

• thinner non-elastic walls

• large lumen

• lower pressure

• valves

​​Arteries vs Veins

Capillaries

Microscopic blood vessels

• single layer epithelial

  • diffusion of gases in and out of tissues

  • exchange of nutrients and waste

  • capillary sphincters

    • regulate the flow of blood

Blood pressure

The force that blood exerts on the walls of the vessel place with sub-header

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Sphygmomanometer

​A device used to measure blood pressure

​Blood Pressure Terms

Diseases of the veins

• Varicose veins

  • Damage to the valve altering blood flow

    • sedentary lifestyle or genetics

• Deep vein Thrombosis

  • blood clots forms in the vein

    • surgery, inflammation, and damage to the vein

Diseases of the Arteries

• Hypertension

  • blood pressure is consistently 140/90 mm Hg

    • unhealthy lifestyle choices

    • Pregnancy

• Atherosclerosis

  • buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery

    • unhealthy lifestyle choices (hypertension)

    • high cholesterol

• Aneurysm

  • A ballooning and weakened area in an artery

    • Hypertension and atherosclerosis

Disease of the Arteries

• Embolism

  • Blocked artery

    • stroke (brain)

    • pulmonary embolism (lung)

      • hypertension, cholesterol, and lifestyle choices

• Coronary Artery Disease

  • Plaque buildup

    • atherosclerosis and high cholesterol (heart attack/myocardial infarction)

Heart Wall Disorders

• Cardiomyopathy

  • Thinning of ventricular heart walls

    • Hypertension and heart disease

• Valvular dysfunction

  • valves do not function properly; blood leaks back into chambers

    • Murmur

    • Aortic Stenosis

      • Hypertension and atherosclerosis

      • Rheumatic disease (untreated strep throat)

Heart Failure

Reduced cardiac output

• Right side

  • the heart is too weak to pump enough blood to your lungs to get oxygen.

• Left Side

  • the heart can't pump enough oxygen-rich blood out to your body