Standard 5 Review 1 - 5.1, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6 - Organisms

Standard 5.1, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6 - Basic Review 1
Organisms and their Environment

• Ecological organization

  • organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere

• Coevolution and ecological relationships

  • herbivory, predation, competition, cooperation, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, mimicry

• Energy flow and matter

  • Food chains, webs, pyramids

• Population Growth Patterns

  • Exponential and logistic growth, carrying capacity, density dependent and independent limiting factors

• Interdependence

• BIO.5.1 Illustrate levels of ecological hierarchy, including organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, and biosphere.

• BIO.5.4 Develop and use models to describe the flow of energy and amount of biomass through food chains, food webs, and food pyramids.

• BIO.5.5 Evaluate symbiotic relationships (e.g., mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism) and other coevolutionary (e.g., predator-prey, cooperation, competition, and mimicry) relationships within specific environments.

• BIO.5.6 Analyze and interpret population data, both density-dependent and density-independent, to define limiting factors. Use graphical representations (growth curves) to illustrate the carrying capacity within ecosystems.

Biotic Factors

• living parts of an ecosystem

  • plants, animals, bacteria, mushrooms, mosquitos…

Abiotic Factors

• nonliving parts of an ecosystem

  • rock, temperature, water, soil, energy, pH

​INCLUDE ONLY BIOTIC FACTORS

ORGANISM

• ​an individual living thing

• Ex. one goldfish

POPULATION

• ​a group of the same species at the same place and time

• Ex. all of the goldfish in a lake

COMMUNITY

• ​all of the different populations living in the same place at the same time

• Ex. All of the goldfish, starfish, aquatic plants...in a lake

​

Drag and Drop

Frogs, fish, insects, and plants all living together in the same pond - ​

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One frog sitting on a lily pad - ​

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A group of frogs living in the same pond - ​

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Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

community

organism

population

​INCLUDE BOTH BIOTIC & ABIOTIC FACTORS

ECOSYSTEM

• ​​All of the living things and their nonliving environment at the same place and time

• Ex. all of goldfish, starfish, aquatic plants...and their nonliving environment in a lake

BIOME

• ​​All ecosystems with similar climates

BIOSPHERE

• ​​​All places on earth where life exists

• Ex. all of Earth’s ecosystems

Drag and Drop

Deer, trees, birds, and foxes all living in the same forest. - ​

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A group of deer living in the same forest. - ​

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Deer, trees, birds, foxes, sunlight, soil, water, and temperature in the same forest. - ​

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One deer walking through the forest. - ​

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Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

community

population

organism

ecosystem

Herbivory +/-

• animals eating plants

• Autotrophs

  • use light energy to make their own food

• Heterotrophs

  • must consume other organisms for food

Predation +/-

• animals consuming animals

• Predator

  • organism hunts for food

• Prey

  • organism killed and consumed for food

Carnivores

• animals that only eat animals

• ex. lions only eat other animals

Herbivores

• animals that only eat plants

• ex. deer only eat plants

Omnivores

• animals that only both plants and animals

• ex. bears eat berries and fish

Drag and Drop

Order of ecological organization from least to most complex:

​ ​

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> ​ ​

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>​

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> ​

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> ​ ​ Biome > Biosphere

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

Community

Ecosystem

Population

Organism

Drag and Drop

Raccoons eat fruits, acorns, young rabbits and bird eggs - ​

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Elephants eat bark, leaves, small branches, roots, grasses, and fruit - ​

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Lions eat zebras and wildebeests - ​

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Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

Omnivore

Herbivore

Carnivore

Camouflage

• resembling something that blends in with your surroundings

• ex. leaf bug; stick bug

Mimicry

• one organism (the mimic) evolves traits to resemble another organism to gain a survival advantage

• ex. harmless snake looks like venomous snake

Self-mimicry

• one part of an animal resembles another part of its body

• ex. eye spots on fish; head and tail on snake look alike

Dropdown

A nonvenomous king snake's scale coloration resembles a venomous coral snake - ​

Select answer

A squirrel's fur resembles the tree it lives in - ​

Select answer

Drag and Drop

A butterfly has eyespots on its tail - ​

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A hoverfly has the same coloration as a bee - ​

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Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

self-mimicry

mimicry

Competition +/-

• one competitor must develop a competitive advantage over the other for resources

• ​many male animals fight each other for food and/or mating opportunities

Cooperation +/+

• organisms learn to help and depend on each other

• e.x dolphins herd fish together so they can easily trap and eat them

• ex. animals feeding their young

Dropdown

The roots of a spinach plant and a tomato plant fight for the water in the soil - ​

Select answer

A lion kills an antelope for food - ​

Select answer

Dropdown

Lions and Cheetahs live in the same habitat and hunt the same prey - ​

Select answer

Ants work together to take care of the colony - ​

Select answer

MUTUALISM +/+

• Both organisms benefit

• Ex. Flower gets pollinated, humming bird gets food

• Ex. Alligator and bird - bird gets meal, alligator gets teeth cleaned

COMMENSALISM +/0

• One organism benefits, other is not affected

• Ex. Sucker fish and shark - sucker fish attaches to shark and gets leftovers

  Shark is not affected

• Ex. Barnacles on whale

PARASITISM +/-

• One organism benefits, other is harmed

• Parasite lives in or on host

• Ex. Fleas get a meal, the dog loses blood and is harmed

Multiple Choice

What term refers to a close relationship between different species where one benefits and the other is harmed?

• Commensalism
• Parasitism
• Mutualism
• Competition

Drag and Drop

Cattle egrets ride on the backs of grazing animals to catch insects exposed while they graze, cows not bothered. This relationship is called ​

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.

Hummingbirds feed on nectar from flowers and pollinate them in the process. This relationship is called ​

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.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

mutualism

commensalism

Drag and Drop

Vine grows on tree to get light, tree doesn't care - ​

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False widow spiders look like deadly black widow spiders - ​

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Chameleon coloration blends in to hide from the flies it catches to eat - ​

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Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

Mutualism

Predation

commensalism

mimicry

camouflage

parasitism

Nutrients (matter) are cycled in an ecosystem - used over and over

• carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen..,

Energy flows in one direction, and is not cycled

• Most energy is used or lost as heat

​10%

Multiple Choice

What part of an environment that is not cycled but mostly lost as heat?

• Water
• Energy
• Nutrients

PRODUCERS (autotrophs)

• organisms that use energy from the sun to make food (plants)

• convert light energy (Sun) into chemical energy (sugar)

• has the most energy available and greatest biomass

• plants, cyanobacteria, algae

CONSUMERS (heterotrophs)

• organisms that get energy by eating other organisms

• animals; most bacteria, fungi

PRIMARY
CONSUMERS

• Herbivores - only eat producers (plants)

• cows, rabbits, and deer

TERTIARY
CONSUMERS

• eat secondary consumers

• Carnivores

• Top Predator

• Top Consumer

• Has least available energy

SECONDARY CONSUMERS

• eat primary consumers

• Omnivores - eat plants and animals

• Carnivores - only eat animals

Dropdown

Sun > Grass > Grasshopper > Bird > Snake

Producer = ​

Select answer

Primary Consumer = ​

Select answer

Secondary Consumer = ​

Select answer

Decomposers

• Bacteria and Fungi that chemically break down dead and decaying matter and put nutrients back into the soil

• Plants must have these nutrients to grow

​

Multiple Choice

How do decomposers help other organisms in an ecosystem?

• They break down dead organisms and add nutrients back to the soil that plants use.

• They use the sunlight to make their own food that other organisms eat for energy.

• They help disperse seeds for plant growth.

• Decomposers do not help other organisms in an ecosystem.

Food Chain

• simple linear diagram showing the flow of energy in an ecosystem

• Arrow points in the direction energy is moving

Food Web

• complex diagram that shows many interweaving food chains

​Sun

Producer

Primary
Consumer

Secondary
Consumer

Tertiary
Consumer

Quaternary
Consumer

Hotspot

Click the food chain that has the correct arrows.

​Label the Food Chain

​

Producer

​Sun

Primary
Consumer

Quaternary
Consumer

Tertiary
Consumer

Secondary
Consumer

​Label the Food Chain

​A Trophic Level is each step in a food chain or food web

• Indicates how many times energy is transferred or how much biomass is available

Level 0

• Sun

• Main energy source for life

• Light Energy

Level 1

• Producers

• Most available energy and biomass

Level 2

• Primary Consumers

Level 3

• Secondary Consumers

Level 4

• Tertiary Consumers

• Least available energy and biomass

Labelling

Label the trophic levels.

Drag labels to their correct position on the image

2

5

4

1

3

0

Trophic Level 1 - Bottom

• Always producers

• Most available energy and biomass

Trophic Level 4/5 - Top

• Always predator

• Least available energy and biomass

Energy and Biomass

• decrease as you move to next level

• only 10% is transferred to next level

• the rest is used or lost

Dropdown

Producers are always found at the ​

Select answer

of a trophic pyramid

The Apex Predator always found at the ​

Select answer

of a trophic pyramid

Dropdown

Producers have the ​

Select answer

energy available

The apex predator has the ​

Select answer

available energy

Dropdown

​

Select answer

have the most available energy.

​

Select answer

have the least available energy.

​Energy Pyramid

​Producers - 50,000J

​Primary Consumers - 5,000 J

​Secondary Consumers - 500 J

​Tertiary Consumers - 50 J

​Energy Pyramid

Labelling

Label the transfer of energy correctly on the energy pyramid.

Drag labels to their correct position on the image

5 J

50 J

500 J

5,000 J

50,000 J

Increasing Population Size

• Birth Rate (natality)

  • organisms being born

• Immigration

  • organisms moving into a population

Decreasing Population Size

• Death Rate (mortality)

  • organisms dying

• Emigration

  • organisms moving out of a population

LIMITING FACTORS

• Any resource or environmental condition that slows the growth of a population

• 2 Types:

  • Density Dependent

  • Density Independent

Multiple Choice

Which statement best describes the relationship between birth rate and death rate in a growing population?

• The birth rate is equal to the death rate, so the population stays the same.

• The birth rate is less than the death rate, so the population decreases.

• The birth rate is greater than the death rate, so the population increases.

• The birth rate and death rate have no effect on population size.

Multiple Choice

How do immigration and emigration affect the size of a population?

• Immigration increases population size, while emigration decreases it.

• Immigration decreases population size, while emigration increases it.

• Immigration and emigration both decrease population size.

• Immigration and emigration have no effect on population size.

Exponential Growth

• grows without limit

• new population that initially has

• unlimited resources

• few or no predators

• very little competition for resources

• J-shaped curve

Logistic Growth

• natural growth

• grows quickly at first then levels off

• slowed by limiting factors

• S-shaped curve

• Has a Carrying capacity

  • number of organisms an ecosystem can support

Labelling

Label the growth curve.

Drag labels to their correct position on the image

slow growth

carrying capacity

fast growth

Labelling

Label the growth curve.

Drag labels to their correct position on the image

slow growth

fast growth

carrying capacity

DENSITY INDEPENDENT

• Limiting factors that affect a population regardless of its size or density. All species equally affected

• temperature - abiotic

• unusual weather - abiotic

  • flood, hurricane, tornado, drought

• oxygen levels - abiotic

• sunlight - abiotic

• natural disasters - abiotic

• human activities - anthropogenic

  • habitat destruction; pollution

  • deforestation

  • overhunting

DENSITY DEPENDENT

• Limiting factors that increase in effect as a population grows larger or denser.

  • competition - biotic

  • overcrowding - biotic

  • predation - biotic

  • parasitism - biotic

  • disease - biotic

    • bacteria/viral infection

  • food supply - biotic

  • water availability - abiotic

  • waste accumulation - abiotic

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of a density-independent limiting factor?

• Competition for food

• A contagious disease

• A wildfire

• Predation by wolves

Multiple Choice

Which graph represent the change in black bear population if a drought reduces the number of blueberry bushes in Pickens county?

• The number of organisms an ecosystem can support

• Population growth is limited by limiting factors

  • resources, predation, weather, disease...

Carrying Capacity

Slow Growth

Slow Growth

Fast Growth

Multiple Choice

What happens to a population when it reaches the carrying capacity of its environment?

• The population continues to grow without limits.

• The population crashes and becomes extinct.

• The birth rate becomes higher than the death rate.

• The population levels off as resources become limited.

Multiple Choice

Based on the graph, what does the leveling off of the deer population around 500 most likely represent?

• The number of predators in the area

• A decrease in the birth rate only

• The forest’s carrying capacity for deer

• The start of an extinction event

Multiple Choice

A population of raccoons in a Mississippi wetland is growing rapidly.

At first, the population increases exponentially, but over time the growth slows and levels off.

What most likely caused the change from exponential to logistic growth?

• A sudden increase in birth rate

• A decrease in predator populations

• The presence of limiting factors like food and space

• The migration of raccoons from other areas

Multiple Choice

A lake in Mississippi is stocked with a new species of fish.

Over the first few years, the fish population grows rapidly.

After a while, the growth slows and the population levels off.

What most likely explains this shift from exponential to logistic growth?

• The fish ran out of genetic variation.

• Predators stopped hunting the fish.

• Resources like oxygen and food became limited as the population grew.

• The fish evolved to stop growing after a certain number of years.

• Producers have the most effect on all organisms in an ecosystem

• ​A decrease producers will affect ALL organisms in a food web

• ​A decrease in sunlight or rainfall will decrease the number of producers

​Decrease in Producers

• If a primary consumer is removed from a food chain, the number of producers will increase.

  • Less Grasshoppers, Mice, or Rabbits > more Grass

• If a secondary consumer is removed from a food chain, the number of producers will decrease.

  • Less Snakes and Lizards means more Grasshoppers, Mice, or Rabbits > less Grass

​Decrease in Primary Consumers

• If a secondary consumer is removed from a food chain, the number of primary consumers will increase.

  • Less Snakes and Lizards > more Grasshoppers and Mice

• If a secondary consumer is removed from a food chain, the number of tertiary consumers will decrease.

  • Less Snakes and Lizards > less Hawks

​Decrease in Secondary Consumers

Multiple Choice

What is the most likely effect of removing a top predator, like a bobcat, from a Mississippi forest ecosystem?

• Prey populations will decrease, and plant life will thrive.

• Prey populations will increase, leading to overgrazing and less plant life.

• Other predators will stop hunting to avoid competition.

• The ecosystem will remain stable and unaffected.

• As the prey population increases the predator population increases (but lags behind).

• When the prey population exceeds carrying capacity, the prey population decreases.

• Since the predators primarily depend on the prey as their main food source, their population decreases as well (but lags)

• More prey survive due to more food and less predators

• More predators are born and survive due to more prey available...

Predator-Prey Cycle (boom-bust cycle)

Multiple Choice

What usually happens to a predator population when the prey population decreases?

• The predator population increases because there is more competition.

• The predator population decreases due to a lack of food.

• The predator population stays the same regardless of prey numbers.

• The predator population becomes more genetically diverse.