Bone Growth and Repair

​Simple/closed, Compound/open, "Greenstick", Avulsion, oblique, displaced...

Below is a Greenstick fracture of the clavicle. This often occurs in younger people's bones

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Bone Fractures to know

​The first stage of healing is Hematoma. This is an important stage because the blood clot that serves as a mold for new bone growth. The second stage includes a lot of new cells migrating to the area. We will call it Granulation Tissue which leads to the 3rd stage we will call callus(the callus usually set by the 3rd week). There is a lot of excess bone when the callus hardens so the 4th stage is callus removal. This can take months yo years. This is done by osteoclasts.

Multiple Choice

If a hematoma is lost or damaged what do you think would happen?

• Damage to a hematoma improves circulation.
• Loss or damage to a hematoma can cause bleeding and complications.
• Loss of a hematoma leads to increased blood flow.
• A hematoma will heal without any issues.

Multiple Choice

What type of fracture is this?

• Closed

• Hairline

• Protruding

• Open

Multiple Choice

What type of fracture is this?

• Greenstick

• Spiral

• Partial

• Comminuated

Multiple Choice

What type of fracture is this where a piece of the bone is separated from the rest of the bone?

• Communiated

• Avulsion

• Oblique

• Transverse

Multiple Select

Which of the following are stages of bone fracture healing?

• Hematoma Forms

• Spontaneous Regeneration

• Blood Vessels stay separated

• All of the Above

Multiple Choice

What minerals do bones contain?

• Iron and magnesium

• Calcium and phosphorus

• Sodium and potassium

• Zinc and copper

Multiple Choice

What is an "open" fracture?

• A fracture where the bone is only slightly cracked

• A fracture where the bone breaks into multiple pieces

• A fracture where bone fragments stick out through the skin

• A fracture that heals quickly

Multiple Choice

What is the main rule for all forms of treatment of broken bones?

• The broken pieces must be put back into position and prevented from moving out of place

• The patient must be kept hydrated

• The patient must be given painkillers

• The broken bone must be exposed to air

Multiple Choice

This type of fracture can occur in the vertebrae and is usually due to age and osteoporosis.

• true

• false

Multiple Choice

Which one of the following is not a fracture

• spiral

• oblique

• comminuted

• relaxed

• stress

Multiple Choice

What type of fracture and to which bone?

• oblique/fibula

• avulsion/tibia

• stress/femur

• spiral/fibula

Multiple Choice

What is the process called in which long bones lengthen?

• Transverse growth

• Longitudinal growth

• Radial growth

• Circumferential growth

Multiple Choice

During bone growth, where is new cartilage formed?

• On the diaphyseal side of the plate

• On the epiphyseal side of the plate

• In the bone marrow

• On the periosteal surface

Multiple Choice

What happens to older cartilage during bone growth?

• It becomes ossified on the diaphyseal side of the plate

• It remains unchanged

• It becomes ossified on the epiphyseal side of the plate

• It turns into bone marrow

Multiple Choice

When does bone growth stop?

• When new cartilage is continuously formed

• When cartilage formation ceases and all is replaced by bone

• When the bone reaches a certain length

• When the periosteum thickens

Multiple Choice

What is the primary function of the epiphyseal/growth plate?

• To protect the bone marrow

• To facilitate longitudinal growth of bones

• To store minerals

• To provide a surface for muscle attachment

Multiple Choice

What is the term used for the process of cartilage turning into bone?

• Calcification

• Ossification

• Mineralization

• Chondrification

Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements is true about the epiphyseal line in adults?

• It is a thick layer of cartilage

• It indicates that bone growth has stopped

• It is responsible for bone lengthening

• It is found only in children

Multiple Choice

What is the correct order in the steps to bone fracture repair?

• Hematoma formation, granulation tissue, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling.

• Cartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling, and hematoma formation.

• Hematoma formation, bony callus formation, cartilaginous callus formation, and bone remodeling

• Bone remodeling, hematoma formation, cartilaginous callus formation, and bony callus formation.

Multiple Choice

Why are false ribs called false?

• ribs connected directly to the costal cartilage

• ribs not directly attached to sternum by costal cartilage

• ribs have no attachment to costal cartilage

• all the above

Multiple Choice

How many pairs of ribs are considered true?

• 7

• 3

• 2

• 4

Multiple Choice

How many pairs of ribs are considered floating?

• 7

• 3

• 2

• 4

Multiple Choice

What is the membrane that surrounds the outside of a bone?

• endosteum

• medullary cavity

• periosteum

• epiphysis

Multiple Choice

What is the main component of the epiphysis?

• Compact bone tissue

• Spongy bone tissue

• Red marrow

• Articular cartilage

Multiple Choice

What is the function of the red marrow in the spongy bone tissue?

• To produce red blood cells

• To provide shock absorption

• To form joints with other bones

• To house ligaments and muscle tendons

Multiple Choice

What is the purpose of the widening out of bone ends at the epiphysis?

• To create a larger surface area for better joint stability

• To produce red blood cells

• To provide shock absorption

• To minimize friction as bones move

Multiple Choice

What is the smooth tissue called where bones come together to form joints?

• Compact bone tissue

• Spongy bone tissue

• Red marrow

• Articular cartilage

Multiple Choice

What is the function of the periosteum?

• To produce red blood cells

• To provide shock absorption

• To attach ligaments and muscle tendons

• To house cells important in bone growth and repair

Multiple Choice

What is the purpose of the medullary cavity?

• To produce red blood cells

• To provide shock absorption

• To form joints with other bones

• To house red marrow during childhood

Multiple Choice

Another name for a "growth plate" on a long bone:

• Epiphyseal plate

• Metaphyseal Plate

• Diaphyseal Plate

• Articular Cartilage

Multiple Choice

What type of "bone" is represented by #12?

• Compact

• Ground

• Funky

• Spongy

Multiple Choice

What type of bone is represented by #11?

• Spongy

• Ground

• Compact

• Marrow

Match

Match the following:

• Proximal Epiphysis

• Distal Epiphysis

• Diaphysis

• Epiphyseal Plate

• Articular Cartilage

3

7

5

2

1

• 3

• 7

• 5

• 2

• 1

Multiple Choice

Diaphysis is which letter?

• D

• F

• J

• K

Multiple Choice

What letter represents Endosteum?

• G

• L

• D

• F

Multiple Choice

What does I represent?

• medullary canal

• red marrow

• diaphysis

• periosteum

Multiple Choice

Which letter indicates medullary canal?

• D

• J

• G

• C