Chemistry Structure and Properties of Matter

Structures of Matter
Properties of Matter

Repeating Subunits:
Carbon

Carbonis thebasis of
all life on earth.Every
living thing is composed
of carbon.

Carboncan take many
differentforms
depending on how the
atoms are arranged.

Atoms: Repeating
subunits - Carbon

Diamonds are the
hardest naturally
occurring substance on
earth.

In a diamond the carbon
atoms are arranged like
a pyramid. In science we
call this a tetrahedral
shaped molecule.

How can the same atom that makes up us and coal
make something so hard?

How can the properties be so different?

Simple Structures

Extended Structures

● Weak structures
● Lower melting points
● Solids, liquids, and

gases

● Lower boiling points
● Water

● Strong structures
● Higher melting

points

● Keeps form (Solids)
● Higher boiling

points

● Diamonds
● Graphite
● Crystals
● Repeating Units
● Salt

4

5

6

●

All substances are made from about 100 different types of atoms that combine
in various ways

●

Combinations consist of between 2 to thousands of atoms

●
These simple molecules and extended structures can be observed by using
models to predict and/or describe phenomena because they are too small to
see

Atomic Composition

Simple Molecules&Extended Structures

PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Describing Matter

Chemical and Physical Properties

Physical Properties - A property of
matter that can be observed or measured
without changing the identity of the matter.

Chemical Properties - A property of a
substance that is observed when the
substance undergoes a change in identity

Physical
Properties

• A property of matter

that can be observed
or measured without
changing the identity
of the matter.

• Physical

properties identify
matter.

• Examples include but

are not limited to:

• Density
• Malleability
• Ductility
• Solubility
• State
• Thermal Conductivity

Physical Properties

• Density
• Amount of mass in a given volume
• A substance is always the same at a given

pressure and temperature regardless of the size
of the sample of the substance.

• The density of one substance is usually different

from that of another substance.

• Density equals mass divided by volume.

• D = m / v

• Malleability
• The ability to be pounded into thin sheets.

• Example:
• Aluminum can be rolled or pounded into sheets to

make foil.

• Ductility
• The ability to be drawn or pulled into a wire

• Example
• Copper in wiring – soldering wires or joints

Physical Property

Physical Property
• Solubility
• The ability to dissolve in

another substance.

• Example:

• Sugar or salt dissolve in

water

• Three ways to increase

solubility
• Heat or make warmer
• Grind or smash
• Stir or mix

• State of Matter
• The physical form in which a substance exists at

room temperature, such as:
• Solid – matter has a definite shape and volume
• Liquid – matter takes the shape of its container

and has a definite volume

• Gas – matter changes in both shape and volume

• Thermal

Conductivity

• The ability to transfer

thermal energy from
one area to another.
• Examples:
• Plastic foam is a poor conductor, so a hot drink
won’t burn your hand.

• The inside of the toaster (hot coils)

Chemical Properties

❖ A property of matter that

describes a substance based
on its ability to change into a
new substance with different
properties.

❖

Examples:
➢

Flammability - Only when wood
burns

➢

Combustibility - Only when
fireworks explode

❖ Can be

observed with
your senses

❖ Are not as

easy to
observe as
physical
properties

Chemical Properties

Combustibility -
Only when
fireworks explode

Flammability -
Only when
wood burns

Reactivity -

Acids, Bases,

Oxidation
Only when iron
oxidizes (rust)

Intensive & Extensive Properties

Intensive - a
physical property
that remains the
same no matter how
much of a substance is present

Examples:

● Color
● Taste
● Melting

Point

● Boiling

Point

● Density
● Luster

● Solubility
● Ductility
● Hardness
● Malleability
● Thermal

conductivity

● Electrical

Conductivity

Intensive & Extensive Properties

Extensive - A
physical property
that depends on how
much of the mixture
there is.

Examples:
● Mass
● Volume
● Shape
● Length

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of an extended structure molecule?

• Water

• Oxygen

• Diamond

• Methane

Multiple Choice

What property is associated with extended structure molecules like graphite?

• Low boiling points

• Weak structures

• Higher boiling points

• Low melting points

Multiple Choice

Why do we use models to observe simple molecules and extended structures?

• Because they are too large to see

• Because they are too small to see

• Because they are too complex to understand

• Because they are too unstable to handle

Multiple Choice

What states of matter can simple molecules be found in?

• Solids and liquids

• Liquids and gases

• Solids and gases

• Only solids

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of a simple molecule?

• H2O

• CO2

• O2

• CH4

Multiple Choice

What kind of melting and boiling points do simple molecules have?

• High melting and boiling points

• Medium melting and boiling points

• Low melting and boiling points

• Variable melting and boiling points

Multiple Choice

How are the atoms in extended structures arranged?

• In small clusters

• In giant lattices

• In random patterns

• In single chains

Multiple Choice

What is a physical property of matter?

• A property of matter that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the matter.

• A property of a substance that is observed when the substance undergoes a change in identity.

• A property that involves a chemical reaction.

• A property that changes the state of matter.

Multiple Choice

Why are extended structures strong?

• Because of few bonds

• Because of many bonds

• Because of no bonds

• Because of weak bonds

Multiple Choice

What state of matter are extended structures typically found in?

• Liquid

• Gas

• Solid

• Plasma

Chemical and Physical Changes

Physical Change -A change that affects one
or more physical properties of a substance.

Chemical Change -A change that occurs
when one or more substances are changed into
entirely new substances with different properties.

Multiple Choice

What is a physical change?

• A change that affects one or more physical properties of a substance.

• A change that occurs when one or more substances are changed into entirely new substances with different properties.

• A change that only affects the chemical properties of a substance.

• A change that does not affect any properties of a substance.

Multiple Choice

What is a chemical change?

• A change that affects one or more physical properties of a substance.

• A change that occurs when one or more substances are changed into entirely new substances with different properties.

• A change that only affects the physical properties of a substance.

• A change that does not affect any properties of a substance.

Physical Change

• Does not form new substances.
• Can often be Undone

• Example Butter on counter can be

placed back in refrigerator.

• Change of State

•Solid to Liquid
•Liquid to Gas

Physical Change

• Does not affect internal structure.
• The matter is still the same
• May look or behave differently
• The change is

REVERSIBLE

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is true about a physical change?

• It forms new substances.

• It cannot be undone.

• It can often be undone.

• It always involves a chemical reaction.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of a physical change?

• Burning wood

• Rusting iron

• Melting butter

• Baking a cake

Chemical Change

• Can Not change back under normal

conditions (some can be changed back by
other chemical means)

• Common Examples:

• Reactivity – Oxidation (rust) on a

bicycle

• pH (Acid / Base) – Effervescent tablets
• Flammability – Burnt wood
• Combustibility - Fireworks

5 Signs of a Chemical

Change

• The only sure way to know there

has been a chemical change is the
observance of a new substance
formed

• Sometimes that is hard to do, so

look for the signs…….

Sign 1 a Chemical Change
• Odor Production-this is an odor

far different from what it should
smell like

• Ex: Rotting eggs, food in fridge,

decomposing flesh

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of a chemical change?

• Slicing a lemon

• Burning a wood log

• Melting ice

• Boiling water

2nd Sign of a Chemical Change
• Change in Temperature
• Exothermic-When energy is

released do during the chemical
change ex: wood burning

Change in Temperature
• Endothermic- Energy is

absorbed causing a decrease in
temperature of the reactant
material ex: cold pack in first
aid kit

Multiple Choice

What is the 2nd sign of a chemical change?

• Change in color

• Change in temperature

• Formation of a precipitate

• Production of gas

3rd Sign of a Chemical Change

Change in Color
Ex: fruit changing color when it
ripens, leaves changing color in
the Autumn, dying your hair

4th sign of a Chemical Change

• Formation of Bubbles
• This can indicate the presence

of a gas. Bubbles produced
when boiling water is not a
chemical change.

Multiple Choice

What is the 4th sign of a chemical change?

• Change in color

• Formation of bubbles

• Change in temperature

• Formation of a precipitate

5th Sign of a Chemical Change

• Formation of a Precipitate
• When two liquids are combined

and a solid is produced

Multiple Choice

What is the 5th sign of a chemical change?

• Change in color

• Formation of a precipitate

• Production of gas

• Change in temperature

Multiple Choice

What is a chemical property of a substance?

• A property of matter that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the matter.

• A property of a substance that is observed when the substance undergoes a change in identity.

• A property that involves a physical change.

• A property that does not involve any change in identity.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a characteristic of a physical property of matter?

• It changes the identity of the matter

• It can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the matter

• It involves a chemical reaction

• It alters the atomic structure of the matter

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical property?

• Density

• Malleability

• Reactivity

• Solubility

Multiple Choice

What does the term "malleability" refer to in the context of physical properties?

• The ability to conduct electricity

• The ability to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets

• The ability to dissolve in water

• The ability to change state

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of solubility?

• Sugar dissolving in water

• Iron rusting

• Ice melting

• Wood burning

Multiple Choice

Which state of matter has a definite shape and volume?

• Liquid

• Gas

• Solid

• Plasma

Multiple Choice

What is thermal conductivity?

• The ability to transfer electrical energy from one area to another.

• The ability to transfer thermal energy from one area to another.

• The ability to transfer sound energy from one area to another.

• The ability to transfer light energy from one area to another.

Multiple Choice

What is a characteristic of a physical change?

• It forms new substances.

• It changes the state of matter.

• It always produces heat.

• It cannot be reversed.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a physical change?

• Solid to liquid

• Liquid to gas

• Butter melting

• Iron rusting

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of a chemical change?

• Melting ice

• Tearing paper

• Oxidation (rust) on a bicycle

• Dissolving sugar in water

Multiple Choice

What is a characteristic of a chemical change?

• Can be easily reversed

• Can change back under normal conditions

• Can not change back under normal conditions

• Does not involve a change in substance

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a common example of a chemical change?

• Reactivity – Oxidation (rust) on a bicycle

• pH (Acid/Base) – Effervescent tablets

• Flammability – Burnt wood

• Melting ice

Multiple Choice

What is an example of combustibility?

• Oxidation (rust) on a bicycle

• Effervescent tablets

• Burnt wood

• Fireworks

Multiple Choice

What is the only sure way to know there has been a chemical change?

• Change in color

• Change in temperature

• Observance of a new substance formed

• Change in shape

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of odor production as a sign of a chemical change?

• Melting ice

• Rotting eggs

• Boiling water

• Breaking glass

Multiple Choice

What type of reaction releases energy during a chemical change?

• Endothermic

• Exothermic

• Neutralization

• Synthesis

Multiple Choice

What is an endothermic reaction?

• A reaction where energy is released causing an increase in temperature.

• A reaction where energy is absorbed causing a decrease in temperature.

• A reaction where energy is neither absorbed nor released.

• A reaction where energy is absorbed causing an increase in temperature.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of a chemical change involving color?

• Fruit changing color when it ripens

• Water freezing into ice

• Cutting a piece of paper

• Dissolving sugar in water

Multiple Choice

What is an example of a chemical change that occurs in the autumn?

• Leaves changing color

• Water evaporating

• Iron rusting

• Salt dissolving in water

Multiple Choice

What happens when two liquids are combined and a solid is produced?

• A gas is formed

• A precipitate is formed

• The temperature increases

• The color changes

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of a physical property?

• Flammability

• Density

• Toxicity

• Reactivity

Multiple Choice

What does density measure?

• The amount of mass in a given volume

• The amount of volume in a given mass

• The amount of temperature in a given volume

• The amount of pressure in a given mass

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of a poor thermal conductor?

• Metal

• Plastic foam

• Glass

• Copper

Multiple Choice

What is the new substance formed after a wood log is burned?

• Water

• Ash

• Smoke

• Charcoal