Earth's Mantle

​Science Root of the Day:

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Unit 4 Section 1: Convection, the Mantle, & Volcanoes

Solids are capable of flowing just like liquids in certain conditions. In this Lava Lamp, a light bulb generates heat that causes globs of wax to expand and become less dense. As their density decreases, they float upwards away from the light where they cool back down and start to sink to the bottom

Multiple Choice

Which layer of Earth is broken up into tectonic plates?

• lithosphere

• asthenosphere

• mesosphere

• core

Drag and Drop

Temperature ​

Placeholder

as you go deeper into the earth.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

decreases

stays the same

increases

Multiple Choice

What is the dependent variable in this graph?

• Rainfall in mm

• Day of the month

• Rainfall during the first 9 days of a month

Match

Match the following

Divergent Plate

Convergent Plate

Transform Plate

• Divergent Plate

• Convergent Plate

• Transform Plate

Multiple Choice

A landform made of sediment that is deposited where a river flows into an ocean or lake

• energy

• load

• alluvial fan

• delta

• Meander

Multiple Choice

How many seals were present in 2011?

• 25
• 30
• 40
• 50

Lesson Objectives

• Describe the Methods of Heat Transfer

• Understand What drives convection currents in the Earth

• Describe a Volcano

• Understand where volcanoes are found on Earth

• Describe why Volcanoes appear where they do

Heat and Motion

• Heat is constantly in motion

  • Flows from a warmer object to a cooler object

  • ​As an object heats, the particles inside of it gain energy and move

    • Faster movement =. more energy= more heat​

​How is Heat Transferred?

• Heat Transfer: the movement of energy from a warmer object to a cooler object

  • Three types that all work together

    • Radiation

    • Convection

    • Conduction

​Radiation

• The transfer of energy that is carried in rays

  • Energy from the sun travels through space

  • Heat from a fire​

​Conduction

• Heat transfer between materials that are touching

​Convection

• Heat transfer by the movement of a fluid

  • a fluid can be a gas or a liquid

  • convection creates currents​

Match

Match the following Types of heat transfer to the appropriate example of it

• Radiation

• Conduction

• Convection

Cooking a marshmallow while standing a good distance away from the fire

Walking on Hot sand and Burning your feet

Water boiling in a kettle

• Cooking a marshmallow while standing a good distance away from the fire

• Walking on Hot sand and Burning your feet

• Water boiling in a kettle

Multiple Choice

What Direction does Heat Flow?

• From a colder object to a hotter object

• From a hotter object to a colder object

• Heat doesn't flow at all

• Heat flows randomly

Multiple Choice

How is Energy from the sun transferred to Earth as heat?

• by radiation

• by conduction

• by convection

• by the force of gravity

​How does Convection Occur in Earth's Mantle

• The mantle and core of the Earth are extremely hot

  • The heat inside the Earth originates​ from gravitational energy and the decay of radioactive elements

• Heat transfers from the mantle and core in different ways

​Convection Currents

• Density: A measure of how much mass is in a given volume of a substance​

  • As objects warm and expand, they become less dense

• When a liquid heats, the liquid at the bottom warms and expands quickly

  • As the density of the liquid decreases, the liquid begins to rise and float over the cooler liquid

    • The liquid that rises eventually cools and sinks below the warming liquid, creating a cycle

• Convection Currents: Flows that transfer heat within a fluid

  • If the heat disappears, the current stops

​Convection Currents in the Earth

• The Core of the Earth acts as a heat source.

• The heat from the inner core drives convection currents throughout the outer core, mantle, and crust.​

  • The mantle is a semisolid material that flows.​

Dropdown

​

Select answer

is the transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid.

Multiple Choice

What does a convection current transfer within a fluid?

• heat

• air

• water

• smoke

Multiple Choice

What would happen to convection currents if the inner Earth Cooled down

• They would continue at the same speed

• They would move faster

• They would move slower

• They would stop

Multiple Choice

Where does the heat that causes convection currents in the Earth come from

• The Sun

• The Crust

• The Mantle

• The Outer Core

• The Inner Core

​Where are volcanoes found on Earth's Surface?

• Volcano: a mountain that forms in the Earth's crust when molten material reaches the surface

  • Magma: A molten mixture of rock-forming substances, gases, & water from the mantle

  • Lava: Magma that has reached the surface

    • Cools and forms solid Rock​

​Where do Volcanoes form?

• In general, volcanoes form along plate boundaries of Earth's Plates

  • Mainly occur at diverging boundaries, where the crust fractures

  • They can also occur at converging boundaries if one plate pushes under the other

  • Sometimes, they form at hotspots away from plate boundaries

​The Ring of Fire

• A major belt of volcanoes, in the Pacific Ocean

• Spreads across the ocean, from Asia to North America​

Draw

Circle a volcano on the map that does not fall along a plate boundary

Multiple Select

Which types of plate boundaries most likely occurs around the ring of fire?

• Convergent

• Divergent

• Transform

Multiple Choice

____________ is an underground molten mixture of rock forming substances, gases, and water from the mante

• Lava

• Tectonics

• Magma

• Crust

Multiple Choice

A Volcano is a(n) ____________ that forms in Earth's Crust when molten material reaches the surface

• island

• mountain

• valley

• Crust

​Volcanoes & Diverging Boundaries

• Constructive plate margin

• When two plates pull apart, they can form mountain ranges with valleys

  • Can form volcanoes both on land and in the ocean

• lava pours out of the cracks and begins to form new mountains​

​Volcanoes & Converging Boundaries

• Destructive plate margin that Occurs primarily in/around the ocean

• Sometimes when two plates collide, one pushes under the other and creates a trench

  • ​Generally, an oceanic plate is pushed under a continental plate and melts

​Volcanoes & Islands

• Volcanoes at convergent boundaries can create an island arc

  • Curves the same way as the deep ocean trench

  • Formed Islands like Japan, New Zealand, and the Caribbean Islands

​Volcanoes & Hot Spots

• A Hot spot is an area not along plate boundaries where material from the Earth's mantle rises to the crust

• Stays in one place for millions of years while the plate moves over it

  • As the plate moves, farther from the ​hotspot, the island formed stops erupting

    • Examples: Yellowstone National Park, Hawaii

Multiple Choice

The Hot spot in this picture is currently forming volcanic mountains on which island

• Kauai

• Oahu

• Maui

• Hawaii

Multiple Choice

Which Island in the chain is the oldest

• Kauai

• Oahu

• Maui

• Hawaii

Multiple Choice

True or False: Islands can form under water

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Is the Island of Oahu likely to erupt again?

• Yes

• No