Renaissance Scientific Revolution Enlightenment

Chapter 17: Revolution and Enlightenment

Modern World History

​The Scientific Revolution

​- Renaissance humanists mastered Greek and Roman which gave them access to Greek and Roman knowledge

​- Ptolemy, Archimedes, and Plato were famous Greek/Roman philosophers, scientists, who many Renaissance thinkers followed

​- New way of thinking sparked advances in sailing and weighing of goods

​- Mathematics played important role in the scientific achievements

​- Promoted by Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newtown

​

​A Revolution in Astronomy

​- The Ptolemaic System:

​Lived in 2nd Century

​Great astronomer

​Using ideas from Aristotle and Christianity

​Constructed a model universe where Earth was the center of the universe - geocentric

​- Ptolemaic system: spheres (planets) rotate and move around Earth (fixed point)

Multiple Choice

2nd Century Scientist that created the idea of the geocentric universe that was used for several centuries.

• Ptolemaic

• Bacon

• Aristotle

• Copernicus

​Copernicus and Kepler

​- Copernicus: Polish mathematician

​ - Proposed that the geocentric was complicated

​ - Gave a heliocentric - Sun centered - theory to explain the motion of the universe

​- Kepler: German mathematician

​ - Used detailed astronomical data to study the theories

​ - Observations proved that the Sun was the center of the universe

​ - Also showed the orbit of the planets were not circular but elliptical

​Galileo

​- Italian Mathematician

​- First European to make regular observations of the heavens using a telescope

​- Made remarkable series of discoveries: Mountains on the moon, four moons revolving around Jupiter, and sunspots

​- Destroyed Ptolemaic observation that all planets were pure orbs of light and Galileo disproved that by noting they were made of substance like Earth

​- Catholic Church felt threatened Copernican system universe because they believed it contradicted the Bible (really it felt like it threatened the Catholic Church's power)

​- Astronomers started to accept heliocentric idea but couldn't explain motion

Newton

​- English Mathematician

​- Professor of Cambridge University

​- First book: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

​- Defined three laws of motion became universal law of gravitation

​- These laws explain why planets don't spin away but it a constant orbit

​- Every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by force called gravity

​- Used math to prove his point

Multiple Choice

Scientist that proposed the idea of a heliocentric universe

• Ptolemaic

• Copernicus

• Bacon

• Rogers

Multiple Choice

German mathematician that added to the Copernican model by stating orbits were NOT circular but elliptical

• Galileo

• Kepler

• Copernicus

• Newton

Multiple Choice

Italian mathematician that proved the heliocentric model because of his observations through the telescope

• Copernicus

• Newton

• Galileo

• Kepler

Multiple Choice

English mathematician that used his skills of mathematics to explain motion and created the idea of gravity and the laws of motion.

• Galileo

• Kepler

• Copernicus

• Newton

​Breakthroughs in Medicine and Chemistry

​- Medicine was dominated by 2nd century man named Galen

​- Galen used animal dissection to make the human anatomy which was greatly incorrect

​- Andres Vesalius of the 16th century changed that thought

​- Vesalius wrote about what he had found in human when dissecting human bodies while being a professor at University of Padua

​- Hands-on approach allowed him to disprove Galen's findings

​- Incorrectly concluded that two types of blood flowed in veins and arteries

​- William Harvey studied the heart (not the liver like Galen concluded) was the main point of blood circulation in the body

​- Also showed that blood is the same in veins and arteries and blood circulates throughout the entire body.

Multiple Choice

2nd Century man who observed human anatomy through dissecting animals.

• Galen

• Vesalius

• Harvey

• Galileo

Multiple Choice

Scientist that changed the idea of medicine by dissecting actual humans and gave the first version of human anatomy with organs. Concluded the body's blood supply came from the liver and that humans had two types of blood

• Vesalius

• Morgan

• Galen

• Harvey

Multiple Choice

Scientist that studied the heart and corrected the premise that two blood types and the blood came from the liver. This scientist concluded that the heart was the blood supply, one type of blood in the body, and that the body was closed circuit system.

• Harvey

• Galen

• Vesalius

• Homer

​Medicine cont.

​- Boyle first scientists to conduct controlled experiments

​- Pioneering of gases led to Boyle's Law

​- Antoine Lavoisier invented the system of naming chemical elements

​- Founder of modern chemistry

​Women and the Origin of Modern Science

​- Margaret Cavendish: Wrote about the growing belief that humans were the masters of nature

​- Female German Astronomer Maria Winkelmann: Self-taught astronomer

​- Discovered comets

​-Denied access to the Berlin Academy for being uneducated and being a women

​

​Descartes and Reason

​- New concepts of the universe from the Scientific Revolution strongly influenced the Western view of humankind

​- French Philosopher - Rene Decartes

​- Writer and thinker who wrote about the doubt and uncertainty felt by most Europeans in the 17th century

​- Wrote Discourse on MEthod

​- Stressed the importance of his own mind and asserted that he would only accept only those things that his reason said were true

​"I think, therefore I am"

​- Brought about thought that mind and matter (mind and body) could separate

​- Idea that mind and matter were completely separate allowed scientists to view matter as dead or inert: something totally detached that could be investigated independently by reason

​- Known as the father of modern rationalism

​- System of thought is based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge

​The Scientific Method

​- Scientific Method: A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence

​- Francis Bacon: English Philosopher

​- Should not rely on the findings and ideas of ancient authorities

​- Scientists should use inductive reasoning to learn about nature

​- Scientists should proceed from the particular to general

​- Systematic observations organized experiments to test hypotheses (theories)

​- Bacon wanted science to benefit industry, agriculture and trade

​- Methods led to advances in medicine and scientific reasoning

Multiple Choice

Father of Modern Reasoning

• Decartes

• Bacon

• Cavendish

• Winkelmann

Multiple Choice

Founder of modern chemistry through studying of gases

• Bacon

• Boyle

• Decartes

• Cavandish

Multiple Choice

English Philosopher that developed the Scientific Method

• Bacon

• Boyle

• Decartes

• Ca

Multiple Choice

Self-taught astronomer that discovered comets

• Cavandish

• Winkelmann

• Bacon

• Descartes