Sentence Simplification Grade L

TOEFL Reading
Sentence Simplification

By Zhou Yi

1. Grasp the key to sentence simplification questions

2. Practice through 30 questions

3. Accumulate vocabulary

Learning objectives

Principles

​最多不等于最主要，不等于最完全

原句： a+b+c+d
A. a
B. b+c
C. c+d
D. b+c+d
Which one is the correct answer?

句子插入题

Between sentences

句子简化题

Inside the sentence

TOEFL Reading <logic>

Information can vary, but the main logic stay same.

Multiple Choice

”The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.

• A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.

• B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.

• C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.

• D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.

Multiple Choice

Glaciers move slowly across the land with tremendous energy, carving into even the hardest rock formations and thereby reshaping the landscape as they engulf, push, drag, and finally deposit rock debris in places far from its original location.

• As a glacier moves, it leaves behind rock formations that have been engulfed, pushed, and dragged by the glacier.

• Glaciers reshape the landscape by carving into rock and transporting the resulting debris to distant locations.

• Glaciers carve the hardest rock formations with great energy and slowly reshape them into debris.

• The tremendous energy of slowly moving glaciers transports and finally deposits rock debris into larger rock formations.

Multiple Choice

Importing the grain, which would have been expensive and time consuming for the Dutch to have produced themselves, kept the price of grain low and thus stimulated individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods.

• A. Buying imported grain led to the Dutch demanding that other foodstuffs and consumer goods be imported.

• B. Because the Dutch were able to import inexpensive grain, they had money available to create a demand for other food products and consumer goods.

• C. Keeping the price of grain low was a primary goal of the Dutch at a time when they could not produce enough grain to provide for all their needs.

• D. The demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods forced the Dutch to import grain and other products at a time when maintaining low prices was especially important.

Multiple Choice

Seagrass beds under the influence of strong currents tend to have many of the lighter particles, including seagrass debris, moved out, whereas beds in weak current areas accumulate lighter detrital material.

• Light particles and debris collect in some seagrass beds, but are washed out of those affected by strong currents.

• Seagrass beds under the influence of strong currents tend to accumulate many of the lighter particles from other beds.

• The strength of the currents determines how quickly accumulated seagrass debris is moved out of the beds.

• Seagrass debris and other light particles are often moved from areas of strong currents to areas of weak currents.

Summary of the procedures

1. 通读原句，找到逻辑

2. 利用逻辑，排除选项

3. 根据逻辑承接对象，选定答案

4. 回到原文，验证信息

Multiple Choice

Hills and mountains are often regarded as the epitome of permanence, successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature, but in fact they tend to be relatively short-lived in geological terms.

• A. When they are relatively young, hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature.

• B. Although they seem permanent, hills and mountains exist for a relatively short period of geological time.

• C. Hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature, but only for a short time.

• D. Hills and mountains resist the destructive forces of nature better than other types of landforms.

Multiple Choice

He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector from him instead of several.

• A. Edison was more interested in developing a variety of machines than in developing a technology based on only one.

• B. Edison refused to work on projection technology because he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors with new machines.

• C. Edison did not want to develop projection technology because it limited the number of machines he could sell.

• D. Edison would not develop projection technology unless exhibitors agreed to purchase more than one projector from him.

Multiple Choice

The frequency with which certain simple motifs appear in these oldest sites has led rock art researchers to adopt a descriptive term-the Panaramitee style-a label which takes its name from the extensive rock pavements at Panaramitee North in desert South Australla, which are covered with motifs specked into the surface.

• A. The oldest rock art sites have simpler motifs than the best known sites of Panaramitee North.

• B. Because motifs primarily associated with the Panaramitee region are common in the oldest sites, the term Panaramitee style has become the general term for rock art of this type.

• C. Because the Panaramitee style is so common in the older sites, researchers have described it most extensively.

• D. The motifs carved in the rocky surface of the Panaramitee region make up the oldest form of rock art discovered in Australia.

Multiple Choice

In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them-even while building materials have changed dramatically.

• A. Unchanging physical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings that can be made with materials discovered long ago.

• B. Building materials have changed in order to increase architectural size and strength, but physical laws of structure have not changed.

• C. When people first started to build, the structural methods used to provide strength and size were inadequate because they were not based on physical laws.

• D. Unlike building materials, the methods of support used in architecture have not changed over time because they are based on physical laws.

Multiple Choice

A major development was the discovery, again about 3000 B.C.E., that if copper, which had been known in Mesopotamia since about 3500 B.C.E., was mixed with tin, a much harder metal, bronze, would result.

• A. Also around 3000 B.C.E., it was discovered that mixing copper, known from about 3500 B.C.E., with tin would create a much harder metal known as bronze.

• B. Although copper had been known since 3500 B.C.E in Mesopotamia, the discovery of bronze did not occur until around 3000 B.C.E.

• C. Another major development around 3000 B.C.E. was the discovery that copper could be mixed with a much harder metal known as tin.

• D. The development of bronze by mixing copper and tin probably occurred around 3000 B.C.E. but may have happened as early as 3500 B.C.E.

Multiple Choice

In short, therefore, the site of Memphis offered the rulers of the Early Dynastic Period an ideal location for controlling internal trade within their realm, an essential requirement for a state-directed economy that depended on the movement of goods.

• A. Thus in Memphis, the rulers of the Early Dynastic Period were ideally placed to control internal trade, which they had to do in order to run their economy.

• B. Therefore the rulers of the Early Dynastic Period thought Memphis was the ideal location for trade with nearby countries.

• C. In short, a state-directed economy like that of the Early Dynastic Period requires choosing a single location to which goods can be moved-Memphis, in this case.

• D. In sum, then, a state-directed economy first developed during Egypt’s Early Dynamic Period because Memphis was an ideal location for controlling trade.

A summary again

1. 找到逻辑词

2. 排除逻辑不对/缺少逻辑的选项

3. 查看逻辑承接的对象