Keystone Review

Keystone Review: Literature

By Kristi Truitt

Persuasive Appeals

Def: These are techniques authors use to convince an audience

Bandwagon – Suggests everyone is doing it, so you should too.

Testimonial – Uses a famous person or expert to support a product or idea.

Loaded Language – Uses emotionally charged words to influence readers.

Repetition – Repeats words or phrases for emphasis.

Rhetorical Question – A question asked for effect, not meant to be answered.

Red Herring – Distracts from the real issue.

Slippery Slope – Claims one small step will lead to a disaster.

Name Calling – Attacks a person instead of the argument.

Match

Match the following terms to an example.

• Bandwagon

• Testimonial

• Loaded Language

• Repetition

• Rhetorical Question

Join millions who use this app!

Recommended by professional athletes.

This outrageous law must be stopped

We must act. We must speak. We must do.

Do we want to live in fear forever?

• Join millions who use this app!

• Recommended by professional athletes.

• This outrageous law must be stopped

• We must act. We must speak. We must do.

• Do we want to live in fear forever?

Match

Match the following terms to an example.

• Red Herring

• Slippery Slope

• Name Calling

• Bandwagon

• Testimonial

Ignore my detention, look at my A!

No dress code = no learning

Only a fool would believe that idea.

Everyone else is doing it.

Super models use this same shampoo.

• Ignore my detention, look at my A!

• No dress code = no learning

• Only a fool would believe that idea.

• Everyone else is doing it.

• Super models use this same shampoo.

Prefixes and Suffixes

Def: A prefix is a word part added to the beginning of a base or root word. It changes the word’s meaning.

• un- – not (example: unhappy = not happy)

• re- – again (example: rebuild = build again)

• in-/im- – not or into (example: impossible = not possible, insert = put into)

• mis- – wrong or badly (example: misunderstand = understand wrongly)

• pre- – before (example: preview = view before)

• dis- – not or opposite of (example: disagree = not agree)

• over- – too much (example: overreact = react too much)

• under- – too little or below (example: underrate = rate too low)

• sub- – under or below (example: submarine = under water)

• inter- – between (example: interact = act between people)

​Common Prefixes

• -ful – full of (example: joyful = full of joy)

• -less – without (example: hopeless = without hope)

• -able / -ible – able to be (example: readable = able to be read)

• -ness – state or quality of (example: kindness = state of being kind)

• -ment – action or result (example: achievement = result of achieving)

• -tion / -sion – act or process (example: celebration = act of celebrating)

• -er / -or – one who (example: teacher = one who teaches)

• -ist – one who practices (example: artist = one who makes art)

• -ly – in a way that is (example: quickly = in a quick way)

• -ous / -eous / -ious – full of or having qualities of (example: dangerous = full of danger)

​Common Suffixes

Multiple Choice

What is a suffix?

• word part at the end
• word part at the beginning
• word part in the middle
• root word

Multiple Choice

What is a prefix? 

• Word part in the middle
• word part at the end
• root word
• word part at the beginning

Multiple Choice

What is the meaning of dis-? 

• before
• distraction
• missing
• not, opposite of

Multiple Choice

What is the meaning of -tion/-sion? 

• the action of
• intension
• less than
• dangerous

Multiple Choice

What is the meaning of -ful? 

• against or opposite
• moving slowly
• full of, having 
• making something up

Multiple Choice

Fill in the blank: 
Everyone adored the baby. The baby was ador_____. 

• -tion
• -ible
• -able
• -ing

Multiple Choice

Fill in the blank: 
My mom wanted milk without fat. 
She wanted ___fat milk. 

• non-
• pre-
• re-
• un- 

Multiple Choice

Fill in the blank: 
Dinosaurs existed at the beginning of time. 
These times were called ___historic. 

• non-
• pre-
• un-
• re-

Multiple Choice

Fill in the blank: 
The mountains were filled with beauty. 
They were beauti___.

• -ous
• -ing
• -sion
• -ful

Multiple Choice

Which prefix DOES NOT mean not, without? 

• non- 
• un-
• re-
• dis- 

Multiple Choice

Which prefix means off or away from? 

• de-
• dis-
• anti-
• il- 

Multiple Choice

Which suffix means one who? 

• -ing
• -er/-or
• -tion
• -ous

Multiple Choice

Which suffix means able to, can be done? 

• -ing
• -er/-or
• -able/-ible
• -ous

Multiple Choice

Fill in the blank: 
Juan and I __agreed about who won the game. 

• mis-
• pre-
• sub-
• dis-

Fill in the Blank

How many stanzas does this poem have?

Multiple Choice

A sentence, phrase, or word arranged into a single row.

• line
• stanza
• rhythm
• anonymous

Multiple Choice

A group of lines in a poem separated with a blank line space.

• metaphor
• simile
• line
• stanza

Personification

• Personification gives human characteristics to non-human things.

• Ex. The tea kettle whistled impatiently.

• Ex. The moon peaked above the trees, shyly.

Hyperbole

• Hyperboles are when we use extreme exaggeration in our speech. We use these often!

• Ex. "I have waited in this line all day."

• Ex. "My backpack weighs a ton!"

Idioms

• Phrases that mean something different from what they say.

• Ex. Don't cry over spilled milk. (This means not to be upset over something that has already happened)

• Ex. I'm throwing in the towel! (this means I am DONE!)

Simile

• Similes compare two things using "like" or "as."

• Ex. He was as cool as a cucumber.

• Ex. Her smile shines like the sun.

Metaphor

• Metaphors compare two things WITHOUT using like or as.

• Ex. She is an angel!

• Ex. You are my rock.

Multiple Choice

What type of figurative language is used in this sentence?

The moon danced gently on the water.

• hyperbole

• personification

• simile

• metaphor

Multiple Choice

What type of figurative language is used in this sentence?

She is as lazy as Eeyore.

• metaphor

• simile

• personification

• idiom

Multiple Choice

Which type of figurative language is used in this sentence?

If you keep crying wolf, you may not get help when you actually need it.

• idiom

• hyperbole

• metaphor

• personification

Multiple Choice

Which type of figurative language is used in this sentence?

"Your heart's a dead tomato splotched with moldy purple spots, Mr. Grinch."

• metaphor

• simile

• personification

• hyperbole

Multiple Choice

Which type of figurative language is used in this sentence?

"Ugh, 3 o'clock is NEVER going to get here!"

• idiom

• hyperbole

• metaphor

• personification

Multiple Choice

What type of figurative language is used in this sentence?

I am about to freeze to death in this classroom!

• simile

• metaphor

• idiom

• hyperbole

Poetic Sound Devices

• The repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words close together in a line of poetry.

• Used to emphasize words, imitate sounds, and create musical effects.

​Alliteration

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT an example of alliteration?

• "Red as a rose is she"

• "Beauty's effect with beauty were bereft"

• "The cat's cell was empty"

• "And this gaunt gray gallery"

The repetition of consonant sounds in the middle or at the end of words close together in a line of poetry.

​Consonance

Multiple Choice

Which pair of words is an example of consonance?

• dire and fire

• top and flip

• ooze and babble

• grasp and grow

The repetition of vowel sounds (a,e,i,o,u) in words that are close together in a line of poetry. It is NOT the same as rhyme.

​

​Assonance

Multiple Choice

What poetic sound device is illustrated in the line below?

The phenomenon fascinated my friends, so I took photos of it.

• Alliteration
• Assonance

• Consonance

• Metaphor

Fact vs. Opinion

FACT

A FACT is a statement that can be verified. They can be proven true or false. Statements of fact are objective. They contain information but DO NOT tell what the writer thinks or believes about the topic.

OPINION

​An OPINION is a statement that expresses a writer’s feelings, attitudes, or beliefs. They are neither true nor false. They are one person’s view about a topic or issue.

Multiple Choice

Is this a FACT or an OPINION:

"My car payments are too expensive."

• FACT

• OPINION

Multiple Choice

Is this a FACT or an OPINION:

"My car payment is $250 a month."

• FACT

• OPINION

RED FLAG WORDS that you're hearing an OPINION:

• best

• always

• none

• worst

• every

• never

• all

FACTS (Signal Words and Phrases)

• The annual report confirms...

• Scientists have recently discovered…

• According to the results of the tests…

• The investigation demonstrated…

OPINIONS (Signal Words and Phrases)

• He claimed that…

• It is the officer’s view that…

• The report argues that…

• Many scientists suspect that…

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a fact?

• Fred and George are much funnier than Percy.

• JK Rowling is the luckiest person in the world.

• Daniel Radcliffe once guest-starred on "The Simpsons."

• Hermione is the smartest character in the "Harry Potter" books.

Point of View

Point of view is the position from which the story is told.

First person- “I”, main character

Second person- the writer is talking to “you” 

Third person- story being told by an outsider

• Omniscient- author (all knowing) 

• Limited omniscient- a single point of view

Plot Pyramid

Exposition- story background, meet characters, learn setting

Rising action- events that lead to the climax (conflict revealed)
Climax- the most intense part of the story, turning point
Falling action- events that follow the climax and tie up the story

Resolution- solution

Conflict

​The conflict is the problem in the story.

Internal- The character is struggling with a problem inside.

Ex) Having to overcome fear of heights

Ex) Struggling to make a choice or a decision

​External- The character is facing a problem with an outside force.

1. Character vs character

2. Character vs society

3. Character vs nature 

Symbolism

• A symbol is something that represents something else

  • Ex) red rose = love

  • Open door = opportunity

What are the genres/types of nonfiction text?

• Narrative: Real-Life Events

• Expository: Informs or Explains

• Persuasive: Convinces or Persuades

• Descriptive: Uses imagery to stimulate the reader’s senses.

Elements of Fiction

Character

Characters are your actors in the story. Characters can be :

• Round- you know a lot about them

• Flat- you do not know a lot about them

• Static- they do not change

• Dynamic- they change

• Protagonist- the hero/good guy

• Antagonist- villain/the bad guy

Match

Match each term with its definition

• The turning point of the story

• Bryan punches Troy

• Where and when the story takes place

• The background of the story (characters and setting)

• A problem a character is struggling with inside

Climax

External Conflict

Setting

Exposition

Internal Character

• Climax

• External Conflict

• Setting

• Exposition

• Internal Character

Match

Match each term with its definition

• Round Character

• Flat Character

• Symbolism

• Theme

• Antagonist

A character we know lot about

A character we do not know a lot about

Something that represents something else

The message/ life lesson of a story

A character goes against the protagonist

• A character we know lot about

• A character we do not know a lot about

• Something that represents something else

• The message/ life lesson of a story

• A character goes against the protagonist

Text Structures

Nonfiction text typically falls under one of the following text structures.

Plot is the series of events of the story. It answers the question, “What happened in the story? 

The plot always involves some kind of conflict. 

​

Plot

Fill in the Blank

True or False: A dynamic character stays the same.

Theme

• The message/life lesson

• More than one word

• Not always positive

  • Topic- love

  • Theme- love conquers all

• Ask: What can we learn from reading this?

Elements of Nonfiction/Informational Text

Terms, Tools, and Text Structures

What is nonfiction text?

Non-fiction is prose that is based on facts, real events, and real people. It is the opposite of fiction.

The Lazy Student

When Tim woke up, he didn’t want to go to school. His mom took him anyway. So, he went to school, but he didn’t do any work. The days passed, and Tim still didn’t do any work. Mr. Morton called Tim’s house, but Tim still wouldn’t do any work. Finally the report cards came out, and Tim failed his classes. Tim was sad.

This is an example of a chronological text structure because the purpose of the text is to tell a story in the order in which it occurred according to time.

Chronological text structures usually go with stories.

Deviled Eggs

Pop out (remove) the egg yolks to a small bowl and mash with a fork. Add mayonnaise, mustard powder, vinegar, salt and pepper and mix thoroughly. Fill the empty egg white shells with the mixture and sprinkle lightly with paprika. Cover lightly with plastic wrap and refrigerate for up to one day before serving.

This is an example of sequence because the purpose of the text is to give directions in the order in which they should be done.

Sequence text structures usually go with instructions.

Failing Classes

Lots of students fail classes.  Some students fail because the work is too hard for them.  Other times they may fail because they are lazy, and don’t do any work.  Another reason why students may fail is if they don’t go to school.  If you’re not in class you may miss a lot.  Many students fail classes every quarter. 

This is an example of the cause and effect text structure because the purpose of the text is to present an event and then list various things that caused that event to occur and serve to explain it.

To identify a cause and effect text structure, look to see if there is a key event and then the results of that event.

​

Think about the domino or snowball effect.

Because this happened, this, this, and this happened. ​

Passing Classes

A lot of students have been failing classes. These students wouldn’t be failing classes if they studied more, asked questions, tried harder, and came in for extra help. Even though a lot of students fail classes, they have many options if they want to pass. 

This is an example of the problem and solution text structure because, like the cause and effect structure, there is a connection between the event and the following list of connected scenarios. However, its purpose is to present a problem and then list a series of solutions that would prevent the problem from occurring at all. The key is that it involves an opinion where cause and effect is solely based on fact.

Cause and Effect = facts

Problem and Solution = opinions.

​

Locate key event and see if there are any opinions on what could have prevented it.

​

It's all about scenarios rather than actual things that happened. ​

Sports at Ericson

There are two popular sports played at Ericson, basketball and volleyball. Both take place inside of the gym at Ericson. Also, each sport has two teams of people. In basketball, however, the ball can be played off of the floor, and in volleyball, the ball cannot touch the floor or it is out of play. Basketball and volleyball are popular sports at Ericson.

This is an example of the compare and contrast text structure because its purpose is to provide two items and then list what they have in common as well as what makes them different.

Compare & Contrast:

Look for focus on 2 or more things.

- What makes them different

-What makes them similar

​

Multiple Choice

Which text structure fits example 1?

• Chronological

• Sequence

• Cause & Effect

• Problem & Solution

• Compare & Contrast

Multiple Choice

Which text structure fits example 2?

• Chronological

• Sequence

• Cause & Effect

• Problem & Solution

• Compare & Contrast

Multiple Choice

Which text structure best fits example 3?

• Chronological

• Sequence

• Cause & Effect

• Problem & Solution

• Compare and Contrast

Multiple Choice

Which text structure best fits example 4?

• Chronological

• Sequence

• Cause & Effect

• Problem & Solution

• Compare and Contrast

Multiple Choice

Which text structure best fits example 5?

• Chronological

• Sequence

• Cause & Effect

• Problem & Solution

• Compare and Contrast

Rhetoric & Perspective in Nonfiction Texts






By Beatrice Ekesa

Rhetorical Strategies: Ethos, Pathos, and Logos

​Authors often employ three primary rhetorical strategies: ethos, pathos, and logos.

• Ethos refers to the credibility of the author. For example, if a medical professional writes about health issues, their expertise adds trustworthiness to their argument.

• Pathos appeals to the audience's emotions. An author might share a heartwarming story to evoke feelings of compassion, urging readers to support a cause.

• Logos relies on logical reasoning and facts. For instance, an author may present statistical data to persuade readers of a specific argument’s validity.

By understanding these strategies, students can analyze how effectively authors communicate their messages.

Introduction: Author's Perspective & Purpose

Understanding an author’s perspective and purpose is crucial when reading nonfiction texts.

An author's perspective is their unique viewpoint, beliefs, or stance on a particular topic.

The purpose behind their writing could be to inform, persuade, or entertain the audience.

By analyzing these elements, readers can better evaluate the effectiveness of the author's rhetorical strategies—techniques used to appeal to the audience and support their purpose.

Match

Match the following

• An author's __ is their unique viewpoint, beliefs, or stance on a particular topic.

• The three primary rhetorical strategies are ethos, __, and logos.

• 1. __ refers to the credibility of the author.

• __ appeals to the audience's emotions.

• Authors use rhetorical devices like metaphor and __ to enhance their writing.

Perspective

 pathos

Ethos

Pathos

repetition

• Perspective

•  pathos

• Ethos

• Pathos

• repetition

Common Rhetorical Devices

Authors also use various rhetorical devices to enhance their writing and engage their audience. Common devices include:

• Metaphor: A comparison between two unlike things to create meaning (e.g., “Time is a thief”).

• Repetition: Reiterating words or phrases to emphasize a point (e.g., “We must fight for justice. We must fight for equality.”).

• Rhetorical Questions: Questions posed for effect rather than answers, prompting readers to think (e.g., “What kind of future do we want for our children?”).

• These devices can significantly contribute to the author’s overall purpose, making their arguments more compelling.

Understanding Perspectives

It’s essential to recognize that understanding an author's perspective helps to evaluate their arguments, analyze the effectiveness of their rhetoric, and form your own opinion based on evidence and reasoning.

In conclusion, analyzing an author's perspective, purpose, and rhetorical strategies allows readers to appreciate the power of language and the art of persuasion in nonfiction texts.

Multiple Choice

What is the main purpose of analyzing an author's rhetorical strategies?

• To memorize facts

• To evaluate the effectiveness of the author's argument

• To agree with the author's perspective

• • To rewrite the text

Multiple Choice

Which rhetorical strategy relies on logical reasoning and facts?

• Ethos

• Pathos

• Logos

• Metaphor

Multiple Choice

What rhetorical device involves asking questions to provoke thought rather than elicit answers?

• Repetition

• Rhetorical questions

• Metaphor

• Pathos

Multiple Choice

Why is it important to understand an author's perspective?

• To agree with the author's viewpoint

• To evaluate the arguments and form your own opinion

• To ignore other perspectives

• To memorize the text

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of ethos?

• A heartwarming story

• A statistic from a recent study

• A quote from a recognized expert

• A metaphor comparing time to a thief