Keystone Review 2: Carbon & Macromolecules

Keystone Review #2
Carbon & Macromolecules (and water)

What is Carbon?

• Carbon is a unique element because it is able to form 4 bonds with other elements

• It can easily bond with itself, creating long, complex macromolecules

• Organic compounds are made up of carbon

Macromolecules

• There are four main organic compounds:

  • Carbohydrates

  • Lipids

  • Proteins

  • Nucleic Acids

Match

Match the macromolecule with the correct monomer.

• Carbohydrate

• Lipid

• Protein

• Nucleic Acid

Monosaccharide

No true monomer-fatty acid and glycerol

Amino Acid

Nucleotide

• Monosaccharide

• No true monomer-fatty acid and glycerol

• Amino Acid

• Nucleotide

Match

Match the macromolecule with the correct function.

• Carbohydrate

• Lipid

• Protein

• Nucleic Acid

Immediate energy source

Store energy, forms cell membrane

Cell structure, Enzymes, Hormones

Contains genetic information

• Immediate energy source

• Store energy, forms cell membrane

• Cell structure, Enzymes, Hormones

• Contains genetic information

Enzymes

• Enzymes are a type of protein that are essential for life. 

  They are catalysts that help to speed up chemical reactions in order to sustain life. 

• Enzymes are not consumed in the reaction
  but are reused for other reactions.

• Various factors affect enzyme function
  and cause it to denature:

  • pH

  • temperature

  • concentration levels

Draw

Circle/highlight the following terms on the diagram below with the correct colors:

Substrate (green)

Active site (red)

Enzyme (blue)

Enzyme-substrate complex (yellow)

Reactants (orange)

Products (purple)

Unique Properties of Water

Multiple Choice

Which statement correctly describes how carbon’s ability to form four bonds makes it uniquely suited to form macromolecules?

• It forms short, simple carbon chains.

• It forms large, complex, and diverse molecules.

• It forms covalent bonds that can only exist in a single plane.

• It forms hydrogen bonds with other carbon atoms.

Multiple Choice

Substance A is converted to substance B in a metabolic reaction. Which statement best describes the role of an enzyme during this reaction?

• It adjusts the pH of the reaction medium.

• It provides carbon to carry out the reaction.

• It dissolves substance A in the reaction medium.

• It speeds up the reaction without being consumed.

Multiple Choice

Which statement best describes a function of the proteins embedded in the plasma membrane of cells?

• They provide instructions for the processes in the cell.

• They selectively allow certain particles into and out of the cell.

• They attract charges in the cell's environment to give the cell a net charge.

• They store the energy required by the rest of the membrane to perform its functions.

Multiple Choice

Which process best describes the assembly of proteins from amino acids? 

• Atoms are linked to form a compound.

• Monomers are linked to form a polymer.

• Atoms are added to a monomer until it becomes a polymer.

• Molecules are added to a compound until it becomes a monomer.

Multiple Choice

Refer to the picture. The element carbon has multiple bonding patterns. Which bonding pattern cannot be formed by carbon?

• A

• B

• C

• D

Multiple Choice

Plants are dependent on water. In most plants, water is absorbed by the roots and then moves
up the stem of the plant and into the leaves by capillary action. Which properties of water are
most responsible for the capillary action in plants?

• adhesion and cohesion

• low density and adhesion

• polarity and high specific heat

• high specific heat and cohesion

Multiple Choice

Each cell in the human body contains thousands of different enzymes responsible for regulating reactions within the cell. Which statement explains why a single enzyme is unable to regulate a variety of reactions?

• The binding of a product and an enzyme is specific.

• The enzyme is consumed by the products of the reactions.

• The binding of a substrate and an enzyme is specific.

• The enzyme is consumed by the substrates of the reactions.

Multiple Choice

Refer to the graph, which shows how the activity of an enzyme changes at different pH levels. Which statement best describes what happens to the enzyme when the pH goes above 10?

• The enzyme is used up and the reaction stops.

• The enzyme begins to decrease the rate of the reaction.

• The enzyme continues to increase the rate of the reaction.

• The enzyme denatures and can no longer speed up the reaction.