Chapter 5 Study Guide

Chapter 5 Study Guide

By Kyla Cymone

Match

Match the following word roots to their definitions.

• Part

• Large

• Acid

• to split/break

• sugar

-meros (as in polymer)

Macro (as in macromolecule)

ester (as in phosphodiester)

-lyse (as in hydrolysis)

-saccharide (as in monosaccharide)

• -meros (as in polymer)

• Macro (as in macromolecule)

• ester (as in phosphodiester)

• -lyse (as in hydrolysis)

• -saccharide (as in monosaccharide)

Match

Match the following word roots to their definitions.

• Part

• Large

• Acid

• to split/break

• sugar

-meros (as in polymer)

Macro (as in macromolecule)

ester (as in phosphodiester)

-lyse (as in hydrolysis)

-saccharide (as in monosaccharide)

• -meros (as in polymer)

• Macro (as in macromolecule)

• ester (as in phosphodiester)

• -lyse (as in hydrolysis)

• -saccharide (as in monosaccharide)

Match

Match the following word roots to their definitions.

• within

• outside

• energy

• up

• down

endo- (as in endergonic)

exo- (as in exergonic)

-gonic (as in endergonic)

An- (as in anabolic)

cata- (as in catabolic)

• endo- (as in endergonic)

• exo- (as in exergonic)

• -gonic (as in endergonic)

• An- (as in anabolic)

• cata- (as in catabolic)

Match

Match the 4 types of macromolecules to their basic/primary functions. Keep in mind they have more functions than listed below.

• Short term energy

• Long term energy

• Structure & enzymatic

• Store or transmit genetic material

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acid

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic Acid

Drag and Drop

The building up of polymers is facilitated by ​

Placeholder

through a process called ​

Placeholder

, in which water is removed to join monomers. The breaking down of polymers also requires enzymes and occurs through ​

Placeholder

, a reaction in which water is added to break the bonds between monomers.

For example, during digestion, the body uses hydrolysis to break down starch into glucose for energy. On the other hand, during muscle repair or growth, the body uses dehydration synthesis to link amino acids into new muscle proteins.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

enzymes

dehydration synthesis

hydrolysis

oxidation reduction

condensation reaction

polymerization process

Match

Match the following terms to their definitions.

• A process that builds larger molecules from smaller ones

• A process that breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones

• A chemical reaction that requires energy input to proceed

• A chemical reaction that releases energy

• A reaction that removes water to build polymers

Anabolic

Catabolic

Endergonic

Exergonic

Dehydration Reaction

• Anabolic

• Catabolic

• Endergonic

• Exergonic

• Dehydration Reaction

Carbohydrates

Dropdown

Carbohydrates have a ​

Select answer

ratio of ​

Select answer

.Answer in the conventional form that this fact is discussed in.

Fill in the Blank

Write the formula for a carbohydrate that has 3 carbons.

Math Response

How many water molecules would be needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 10 monomers long?

Type answer here

Correct Answer: 9

Deg^°

Rad

Fill in the Blank

A dehydration reaction joins two glucose molecules to form maltose. The formula for glucose is C₆H₁₂O₆. What is the formula for maltose? (Hint: It’s not what you think. Consider what happens with a dehydration reaction).

Fill in the Blank

What is the molecular formula if you were to link 10 glucose together?

Categorize

Options (14)

found in the cells wall, leaf, and stem of plants

primary energy reserve in plant cells

Found in plant's roots & seeds

main storage form of glucose in animals

abundant in the liver and muscle tissues of animals

provides rigidity and strength to plant cells, helping maintain structure and protection

contributes to dietary fiber in humans

found in the cell walls of fungi and in the exoskeletons of arthropods (insects & crabs)

provides protection and support, helping organisms maintain their shape and resist damage

Compare the following carbohydrate polysaccharides.

Cellulose

Glycogen

Chitin

Starch

Fill in the Blank

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

Fill in the Blank

What enzyme breaks apart the bonds between carbohydrates?

Fill in the Blank

What is the name of the covalent bond found between linked glucose molecules?

Lipids

Multiple Choice

Lipids have true monomers.

• True

• False

Match

Match the three important lipids found in the body to their functions.

• Fats (triglycerides)

• Phospholipids

• Steroids - Cholesterol, Testosterone

long-term energy storage and insulation

major component of cell membranes

serve as hormone precursors

• long-term energy storage and insulation

• major component of cell membranes

• serve as hormone precursors

Drag and Drop

Fats are made up of two main components: ​

Placeholder

heads and ​

Placeholder

tails. The fatty acids are long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group (​

Placeholder

) at one end, and it is this carboxyl group that gives fatty acids their acidic properties and the name “acid.”

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

glycerol

fatty acid

COOH

C=O

OH

NH2

CH3

sugar

phosphorus

Multiple Choice

What is fat tissue in the body called?

• Adipose

• Epithelium

• Cartilage

• Smooth

• Areolar

Categorize

Options (15)

straight tail

kinked tail with a single double bond

straight tail with a single double bond

solid at room temp (1)

solid at room temp (2)

liquid at room temp

Found in animal fats

Found in olive oil

Found in processed foods

Linked to heart disease if not consumed in moderation

Healthy

Extremely harmful, linked to heart disease

Compare saturated, unsaturated, and trans fats below.

Note: If there is a (1) or (2) next to the option, place them in this order Saturated > Unsaturated > Trans

Saturated Fats

Unsaturated Fats

Trans Fats

Labelling

Label the phospholipid.

Drag labels to their correct position on the image

Glycerol

Unsaturated tail

Phosphate

Hydrophobic tail

Saturated tail

Hydrophilic head

Hydrophilic tail

Hydrophobic head

Match

Steroids are a type of lipid characterized by a structure of four fused carbon rings. Unlike fats and phospholipids, steroids are not made of fatty acids, but they are still hydrophobic and play important roles in the body as hormones, structural components, and signaling molecules.

Match the steroids found in the body to the functions.

• sex hormone primarily found in males; responsible for the development of male reproductive tissues, secondary sexual characteristics such as facial hair and deep voice

• sex hormone primarily found in females; egulates the menstrual cycle, supports the development of female reproductive tissues

• produced by the adrenal glands; plays a key role in the body's stress response, helps regulate metabolism, reduces inflammation, and controls blood sugar levels

• serves as a structural component of cell membranes and as a precursor for other steroids

Testosterone

Estrogen

Cortisol

Cholesterol

• Testosterone

• Estrogen

• Cortisol

• Cholesterol

Fill in the Blank

What enzyme breaks apart the covalent bond that links glycerol and fatty acid chains?

Fill in the Blank

What is the name of the covalent bond that links the glycerol and fatty acid chains in lipids?

Proteins

Multiple Select

Select all of the elements below that are the primary building blocks of proteins.

• Carbon

• Hydrogen

• Nitrogen

• Oxygen

• Phosphorus

Multiple Select

Which two functional groups are found in EVERY protein.

• Amino group

• Carboxyl group

• Carbonyl group

• Methyl group

• Hydroxyl group

Categorize

Options (8)

Spherical, compact, folded shaped

Long, thin, and rope-like

functions in transport, regulation, catalysis, etc.    

functions in structural support and strength

Examples are Hemoglobin, insulin, enzymes

Examples are Collagen, keratin, elastin

Compare globular proteins to fibrous ones.

Globular Protein

Fibrous Protein

Dropdown

Hemoglobin and collagen are both essential proteins with distinct structures and functions in the body.

Hemoglobin is a ​

Select answer

protein found in ​

Select answer

. Its primary function is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs for exhalation. Hemoglobin is composed of four polypeptide subunits—two alpha (α) chains and two beta (β) chains—which fold into a compact, spherical shape. Each subunit contains a heme group that binds to oxygen, making hemoglobin crucial for efficient gas exchange and cellular respiration.



Collagen, on the other hand, is a ​

Select answer

protein that provides structural support and strength to connective tissues such as ​

Select answer

, bones, tendons, and ligaments. Collagen’s structure consists of three polypeptide chains twisted into a triple helix, giving it great tensile strength and stability. Unlike hemoglobin, collagen is not involved in transport but in maintaining the integrity and resilience of tissues. 

Categorize

Options (13)

Multiple secondary structures binding together

Sequence of amino acids

Held together by peptide bonds

Alpha helix & beta pleated sheets

Held together by hydrogen bonds

Also called a polypeptide chain

Held together by disulfide bonds & minorly by van der waal interactions

Multiple polypeptides together to form a fully functioning protein

Primarily held together by hydrogen bonds with minor van der waal interactions

Compare each level of protein structure.

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Quintenary

Multiple Select

Select all the scenarios in which proteins (enzymes specifically) can denature.

• pH changes

• High temperature changes

• exposure to chemical or physical agents such as high salt concentrations or metals that interfer with bonding

• Presence of water

• Improper binding of cofactors or substrates.

Match

The following medical disorders are related to misshaped proteins. Match their description to the disorder.

• caused by the buildup of misfolded peptides in the brain, forming plaques and tangles. These interfere with nerve signaling and lead to memory loss and cognitive decline.

• involves misfolded proteins that form Lewy bodies (clumps of protein) in the brain. This disrupts dopamine-producing neurons, causing tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with movement.

• caused by a genetic mutation that produces a misfolded proteins, which builds up in neurons and damages brain cells. It leads to involuntary movements, mood changes, and mental decline.

• results from a mutation that causes proteins to misfold and malfunction. This disrupts salt and water transport in cells, causing thick mucus buildup in the lungs and digestive system.

Alzheimer’s disease

Parkinson’s disease

Huntington’s disease

Cystic fibrosis

• Alzheimer’s disease

• Parkinson’s disease

• Huntington’s disease

• Cystic fibrosis

Fill in the Blank

What are the bonds that link amino acids together called?

Fill in the Blank

What enzyme breaks apart bonds between amino acids?

Fill in the Blank

What are the monomers of proteins called?

Nucleic Acid

Fill in the Blank

What is a gene?

Categorize

Options (15)

Cytosine

Thymine

Adenine

Guanine

Uracil

Single ringed

Double ringed

A pairs with U

A pairs with T

C pairs with G

A pairs with C

A pairs with G

T pairs with U

Compare purines and pyrimidines and sort statements regarding them into true or false categories.

Purines

Pyrimidines

True Statement

False statment

Match

Match the following bonds found in a DNA molecule to where they're found using the figure for gudiance.

• Between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the sugar of another.

• Between the nitrogenous bases of one nucleotide and another on two separate strands.

• Between the nitrogenous base of one nucleotide and another on the same strand.

• Not a real bond

Phosphodiester bonds

Hydrogen bonds

Van der Waal interactions

Nucleaid bonds

• Phosphodiester bonds

• Hydrogen bonds

• Van der Waal interactions

• Nucleaid bonds

Dropdown

a.        A(n) ​

Select answer

is attached to the 5’ carbon.

b.       A(n) ​

Select answer

is attached to the 3’ carbon.

c.        A(n) ​

Select answer

is attached to the 1’ carbon.

Multiple Choice

A region of DNA has the following sequence: 5’-ATGCATCGA-3’.

What is it's complementary strand?

• 5’-TAGCTACGT-3’

• 3’-TACGTAGCT-5’

• 3’-ATGCATCGA-5’

• 5’-UACGUAGCU-3’

Categorize

Options (16)

A-T C-G

A-U C-G

Double stranded

Single stra

Found in the nucleus & mito

Found in the nucleus & cytoplasm

Stores genetic informat

Transfers genetic information to help build proteins

One main typ

Three main typ

Self replica

Synthseized from DNA via transcriptio

Uses deoxyribose sugar

Uses ribose sugar

Compare DNA & RNA.

DNA

RNA

Fill in the Blank

What is the monomer of a nucleic acid called?

Fill in the Blank

What is the colvent bond found between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the sugar of another called?

Fill in the Blank

What is the enzyme that breaks the covalent bond between nucleotides called?