Module 3

Multiple Choice

Why is it important for clinicians to distinguish between purulent and non-purulent skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) when managing patients?

• Because it determines the likely cause and appropriate therapy

• Because it affects the duration of antibiotic therapy

• Because it changes the need for hospitalization

• Because it affects the risk of recurrence

Open Ended

What are some challenges clinicians might face in the management of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (SSTIs) in outpatient settings?

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a common reason for prescribing second or third line antibiotics in patients?

• Antibiotic allergies

• Cost of antibiotics

• Patient preference

• Availability of generics

Open Ended

Describe the key elements that should be elicited when evaluating a patient's history of antibiotic allergy.

Multiple Select

Which of the following are important considerations when deciding whether to use alternative antibiotics in patients with a history of antibiotic allergy?

• Efficacy of alternatives

• Potential for drug resistance

• Cost of antibiotics

• Patient's age

Fill in the Blanks

Penicillin skin testing is done with Pre-PEN and penicillin

as major and minor determinants.

Multiple Choice

What is the most common cause of Red Man syndrome when administering vancomycin?

• Nonspecific muscle activation with histamine release

• IgE mediated hypersensitivity

• Delayed maculopapular rash

• Drug-drug interaction

Multiple Choice

Which of the following patients should have a urine culture obtained when presenting with symptoms of urinary tract infection?

• A woman with uncomplicated cystitis and no recent antibiotic exposure

• A woman with dysuria and frequency but no abnormal urinalysis

• A patient with suspected acute pyelonephritis

• A patient with symptoms that resolve after empiric antibiotic therapy

Multiple Select

What are the recommended empiric antibiotic therapies for uncomplicated cystitis according to the Infectious Disease Society of America guidelines?

• Nitrofurantoin for five days

• Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for three days

• Fosfomycin single dose

• Ciprofloxacin for seven days

Fill in the Blanks

At least

percent of antibiotic courses prescribed in the outpatient setting are unnecessary.

Multiple Select

Which of the following are criteria for empiric use of antibacterials in acute rhinosinusitis, according to the Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines?

• Persistent symptoms for ≥10 days without improvement

• Onset of severe symptoms such as high fever and purulent nasal discharge

• Double-sickening: worsening symptoms after initial improvement

• Presence of maxillary sinus abnormalities on CT

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is considered the gold standard for diagnosing community acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults?

• Sputum culture

• Chest X-ray

• Blood culture

• Physical examination

Fill in the Blanks

Patients with CAP should be afebrile for

hours and clinically stable before therapy is discontinued.

Multiple Select

Which of the following statements about empiric treatment regimens for outpatients with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is/are correct?

• A macrolide should always be used as empiric monotherapy.

• Doxycycline is an effective monotherapy if macrolide resistance is low.

• Combination therapy is recommended for patients with recent antibiotic use or comorbidities.

• Fluoroquinolone monotherapy is always preferred regardless of adverse effects.

Open Ended

What are the five variables included in the CURB-65 score for assessing the severity of community acquired pneumonia?

Multiple Choice

What are the most frequent pathogens causing community acquired pneumonia in patients admitted to the hospital ward?

• Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Legionella and respiratory viruses

• Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Influenza virus, Parainfluenza virus, Rhinovirus, Adenovirus

• Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans

Open Ended

Explain the difference between uncomplicated and complicated intra-abdominal infections and their implications for antimicrobial therapy.

Multiple Choice

According to the 2010 SIS-IDSA guidelines, what is the recommended duration of antimicrobial therapy for complicated intra-abdominal infections when adequate source control is not possible?

• 4-7 days

• 2-3 days

• 10-14 days

• More than 14 days

Multiple Select

Which of the following are potential complications of prolonged antimicrobial therapy for intra-abdominal infections?

• Delayed recognition of relapse

• Increased length of hospital stay

• Repeat antibiotic exposure

• All of the above

Open Ended

What were the main findings of the STOP-IT trial regarding the duration of antibiotic therapy for intra-abdominal infections?

Fill in the Blanks

Fill in the blank: The 2015 American gastro-enterological association guidelines suggested that antibiotics should be used

in patients with acute and complicated diverticulitis.

Multiple Choice

Which Candida species are responsible for more than 90 percent of invasive infections?

• Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei

• Candida auris, Candida lusitaniae, Candida kefyr, Candida dubliniensis, Candida guilliermondii

• Candida albicans, Candida auris, Candida glabrata, Candida kefyr, Candida lusitaniae

• Candida parapsilosis, Candida dubliniensis, Candida krusei, Candida guilliermondii, Candida lusitaniae

Open Ended

List three risk factors that increase a patient's risk of developing Candidemia.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT recommended for the treatment of mild non-purulent SSTIs?

• Oral penicillin

• Oral cephalosporin

• Clindamycin (if penicillin allergic)

• Rifampin

Open Ended

Summarize the key differences in management between non-purulent and purulent acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (SSTIs).