4. Quarter 2 - Module 2 Lesson 1-Quantitative Research Designs

​PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

Quarter 2 - Module 2
Data Collection, Presentation, and Analysis

What This Module is About

The following are the lessons contained in this module:

Lesson 1 – Data Collection Instruments

Lesson 2 – Data Presentation and Interpretation

Lesson 3 – Using Statistical Techniques to Analyze Data

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. collect data using appropriate instruments (CS_RS12-IId-g-1);

2. present and interpret data in tabular and graphical forms (CS_RS12-IId-g-2); and

3. use statistical techniques to analyze data—study of differences and relationships limited for bivariate analysis (CS_RS12-IId-g-3).

What I Know

Multiple Choice

What data collection method involves tracking of changes during specified time period?

• Questionnaire

• Observation

• Interview

• Test

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is defined as an action that the researcher will do to obtain appropriate data?

• Data Interpretation

• Data Manipulation

• Data Collection

• Data Analysis

Multiple Choice

Which of these methods is the most expensive way to collect data per respondent?

• Personal

• Online

• Phone Call/Text

• Postal

Multiple Choice

The following are guidelines before conducting an interview. Which one is not?

• Check if your recording device worked well throughout the interview.

• Choose a comfortable venue with the least number of distractions.

• Prepare and rehearse your interview guide.

• Decide on the duration of the interview.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following should not be part of the informed consent form?

• Name of Researchers and the Institution affiliated with

• Name of Participants and the Institution affiliated with

• Anonymity of the participants and their responses

• Title of the study and purpose of the study

Multiple Choice

Participant observation can be performed covertly. What does it imply?

• Participants are not aware of the purpose of the observation.

• Participants are aware of the purpose of the observation.

• Participants are unmindful of the result of the research.

• Participants are aware of the result of the research.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following data processing techniques refers to ordering the data into a table?

• Arrangement

• Tabulation

• Editing

• Coding

Multiple Choice

Which correlation is the strongest?

• 1.0

• +.80

• -0.6

• +0.5

Multiple Choice

Which graph uses vertical bars to represent data?

• vertical graph

• pie chart

• line graph

• bar chart

Multiple Choice

In a two-tailed test, which should be rejected when the test value falls in any of the two critical regions?

• Alternative hypothesis

• Null hypothesis

• Type I error

• Type II error

Multiple Choice

The guidance counselor of GUNHS tabulated the data about Junior High School students’ daily absences and obtained the average per day. The graph below shows the result of her tabulation. What is the best interpretation of the graph?

• The graph shows that Friday has the highest recorded number of absences all throughout the school year.

• GUNHS students should undergo an intervention and participate in a “Time Management Seminar”.

• The graph shows that students from GUNHS are absentees.

• The graph shows that only few students are absent daily.

Multiple Choice

In which of the following situation does a Type I error occurs?

• The null hypothesis is accepted when it is false.

• The null hypothesis is accepted when it is true.

• The null hypothesis is rejected when it is false.

• The null hypothesis is rejected when it is true.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is true about the significance level?

• It measures the probability of rejecting a correct null hypothesis.

• It is set after a statistical test is conducted.

• It is always set at 0.05.

• It results in a p-value.

Multiple Choice

When does a positive correlation occurs?

• When one variable goes up, and the other goes down.

• When two variables move in opposite directions.

• When two variables move in the same direction.

• When two variables remain constant.

Multiple Choice

What is the decision that you will make if the p-value is lower than the alpha level?

• Do not accept the null hypothesis.

• Do not reject the null hypothesis

• Accept the null hypothesis.

• Reject the null hypothesis.

Lesson 1
Data Collection Instruments

What I Need to Know

Collecting data is the first step you need to perform before you proceed in writing your data analysis and interpretation. Data collection is a systematic process of gathering relevant information, observations, or measurements. Whether you are performing research for academic purposes, government or business, data collection allows you to gain first-hand knowledge and original insights into your research problem. While methods and aims may differ between fields, the overall process of data collection remains largely the same. Before you begin collecting data, you need to consider: (1) the aim of the research; (2) the type of data that you will collect; and (3) the methods and procedures you will use to collect, store, and process the data.

Quantitative research instruments comprise observation, questionnaires, test, and interviews. On the other hand, data collection approaches for qualitative research usually involve: (a) direct interaction with individuals on a one-to-one basis, (b) and or direct interaction with individuals in a group setting.

When developing and utilizing a research instrument, the following steps are to be considered:

1. Define the aim of your research (research question).

2. Choose your data collection method.

3. Plan your data collection procedures.

4. Collect and verify your data.

5. Present your findings.

What’s New

How do you collect your data?
Look at the different kinds of research instruments. Check all that seem helpful in answering your research questions. You may choose more than one.

a. Standardized
b. Non-standardized
c. Recall Questions
d. Recognition Questions
e. Open-ended Questions
f. Face-to-face
g. Online

2.Tests

a. Structured
b. Semi-structured
c. Unstructured
d. Face-to-face
e. Online

1. Questionnaires

Data Collection Method

a. Controlled
b. Natural
c. Participant

4. Observations

a. Face-to-face
b. Phone
c. Video

3.Interviews

Data Collection Method

What Is It

Research Instruments

Questionnaires

A questionnaire is a research instrument that consists of a set of questions that aims to collect information from a respondent. A research questionnaire is typically a mix of close-ended questions and open-ended questions. Open-ended, long-form questions offer the respondent the ability to elaborate on their thoughts. The data collected from a data collection questionnaire can be both qualitative as well as quantitative in nature. A questionnaire may or may not be delivered in the form of a survey, but a survey always consists of a questionnaire.

What Is It

The terms survey and questionnaire have different meanings. A questionnaire is an instrument used to collect data while a survey is a process of collecting, recording, and analyzing data. Questionnaires can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured.

In quantitative research, questionnaires use the following approaches: (1) scale (usually Likert scale); and (2) conversion of responses into numerical values, e.g., strongly as 5, agree as 4, neutral as 3, disagree as 2, and strongly disagree as 1.

What Is It

There are three structures of questionnaires:
1.Structured questionnaires employ closed-ended questions
2. Unstructured questionnaires, on the other hand, use open-ended
3. Semi-structured questionnaires are combinations of both the structured and unstructured ones.

Advantages of Using Questionnaire

1. Bulk data can be gathered in less time. 2. Online survey is quick and cost-effective.

3. Less chance of bias.

4. Respondents can answer the questionnaire without revealing their identity.

5. Easy analysis and visualization

Disadvantages of Using Questionnaire

1. Questionnaires may not be returned on time.

2. Questionnaires may be lost.

3. Understanding and interpretation of the questions varies by the participants.

4. Participants may not be able to complete the required responses.

5. Emotions and feelings are hard to convey.

6. Participants’ answer may lack depth.

Guidelines in Using Questionnaires for Data Collection

1. Determine the data to be collected.

2. Determine the method to be used in administering the questionnaire such as face-to-face or online method.

2. Divide your questionnaire into two or three parts.

a. Personal information. This section which contains background information of the participants. (Names are optional)

b. Main section. This lists the specific questions or indicators.

c. Open-ended question section. This contains additional information that might be needed. (This applied only for quantitative research)

Guidelines in Using Questionnaires for Data Collection

3. Make sure to provide specific and clear directions for respondents in answering the questionnaire.

4. Decide on the questionnaire structure, type of questions and response format. Evaluate the questions and options and make sure that they are aligned with specific research questions or objectives.

5. Decide on using simple terms, avoid negative statements, leading, biased, double barred, or sensitive questions and make a brief, clear, and concise questionnaire.

Guidelines in Using Questionnaires for Data Collection

6. Begin with the general questions first followed by the specific ones.

7. Predetermined responses should match the nature of the questions.

a. If the content is about quality, use quality (excellent, very good, good, poor)

Later, these responses will be translated into numerical values (e.g. five-point Likert scale)

b. If questions are about frequency, use frequency (always, frequently, sometimes, seldom, never)

c. If the content is about belief, use agreement (strongly agree , agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree)

d. If the questionnaire is about behavior, use extent (very great extent, great extent, moderate extent, small extent, none at all)

Guidelines in Using Questionnaires for Data Collection

8. If possible, set an appointment before distributing the questionnaires.

9. Attach a cover letter to the questionnaire especially for agency connected respondents.

10. Contact participants who did not to return the questionnaire.

11. Tally and encode the data immediately once you have collected them. Keep a soft copy of your data.

Tests

Tests are used for measuring various skills and types of behavior, personality, achievement, performance, as well as for describing some characteristics. It is also used to develop to measure specific knowledge, skill, or cognitive activity. There are two types of tests used in quantitative research: standardized test and non-standardized test.

Tests

Standardized test is a test that is given to a group of people such as students or professionals in a very consistent manner; meaning that the questions on the test are all the same, the time given to each test-taker is the same, and the way in which the test is scored is the same for all. It is considered as more reliable and valid. Examples are Licensure Exam, Achievement test, College/University Entrance Exam, Personality Tests, IQ test and the likes.

Tests

Non-standardized test is a test that allows for an assessment of an individual's abilities or performances but doesn't allow for a fair comparison of one individual to another. This test is very simple to use and may not be scored uniformly. It is administered to a certain set of people.

Types of Test Questions

1. Recall Questions. It requires participants to recall information from memory (e.g., fill-in-the blank test, identification test, enumeration test, etc.)

2. Recognition Questions. It allows participants to select from given choices the best or correct choice (e.g., multiple-choice test, true or false test, yes or no test, etc.)

3. Open-ended Questions. It allows the participants more freedom in their responses, expressing their thoughts and insights (e.g., essay writing tests and other performance-based tests.

Here are elaborate types of test and examples:

1. RECALL TESTS

A. Identification- the participants will provide an answer to the question using simple

memory recall.

Example: What do you call an angle whose measurement is 90 degrees?

B. Enumeration- the participants will list down the answers or steps

Example: List down the steps in solving a problem.

C. Cloze Test – the participants will supply an answer to the blank spaces.

Example: The graph of a quadratic function is a ______________.

Here are elaborate types of test and examples:

2. RECOGNITION TESTS

A. Matching Type- the participants will match the answers from column A to column B

by drawing a line.

Example: Match the terminologies in Column A with their synonyms in Column B.

Column A Column B

Measurement is

__1. Acute Angle A. 90 degrees

__2. Right Angle B. less than 180 degrees but greater than 90

__3. Obtuse Angle C. less than 90 degrees but greater than 0

Here are elaborate types of test and examples:

2. RECOGNITION TESTS

B. Multiple Choice- the participants will choose the correct/best answer from the given options.

Example: Which of the following does NOT belong to the group?

A. Acute Angle B. Right Angle

B. Obtuse Angle D. Depressed Angle

Here are elaborate types of test and examples:

2. RECOGNITION TESTS
C. Dichotomous Type (True or False, Yes or No)- the participants will select only one option either yes or no or true or false.

Example: Write TRUE on the space before each number if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is incorrect.

_____1. 140 degrees angle is acute.

Here are elaborate types of test and examples:

3. OPEN-ENDED TESTS

A. Performance-based- the participants are expected to perform a given task.

Example: Create a video presentation showing the step-by-step process of solving quadratic equations.

B. Non-performance based- the participants may answer orally or in a written manner.

Example: Explain the mathematical procedures you apply to transform the given quadratic equation to standard form.

Interviews

Quantitative interviews are sometimes referred to as survey interviews (structured type) because they resemble survey-style question-and-answer formats where in a large sample sized is used. It may be recorded, but because questions tend to be closed ended, taking notes during the interview is less disruptive than it can be during a qualitative interview.

Interviews

If a quantitative interview contains open-ended questions, however, recording the interview is advised. It may also be helpful to record quantitative interviews if a researcher wishes to assess possible interview effect which means that the responses of the participants may be affected by the behavior displayed by the researcher on the manner that the questions are presented. This type of interview uses a rating scale or rubric and responses are numerical.

Interviews

Qualitative interviews are sometimes called intensive or in-depth interviews. These interviews are informal, unstructured, semi-structured or focus group discussions (FGD). The researcher has a particular topic about which he or she would like to hear from the respondent, but questions are open ended and may not be asked in the same way or in exactly the same order to each and every respondent.

Interviews

The questionnaire and quantitative interview are both highly structured, but here’s a difference between the two:

In quantitative interviews, (1) the items are read to the participants; (2) participants and researchers may ask questions; (3) helpful to blind or uneducated participants while in questionnaires, (1) the participants read the questions and answer on their own; (2) the participants and researchers may not ask further questions; (3) not useful to blind or uneducated participants.

Interviews

In in-depth interviews, the primary aim is to hear from respondents about what they think is important about the topic at hand and to hear it in their own words. So, no rating scale or rubric is needed. Responses are non-numerical.

Observation

Observation is way of gathering data which involves systematically selecting, watching, listening, reading, touching, and recording behavior and characteristics of living beings, objects, or phenomena. Observations can be controlled, natural, or participant. It can be used in quantitative research when the observable characteristics are quantitative in nature (e.g. length, width, height, weight, volume, area, temperature, cost, level, age, time, and speed).

Observation

Observation has greater flexibility in the observation method. However, observation may lack participant validity and may be prone to the Hawthorne effect phenomenon (when subjects of an experimental study attempt to change or improve their behavior simply because it is being evaluated or studied). Furthermore, it is more exhausting and time-consuming especially when observations need to be conducted for many years.

Forms of Observation

Natural Observation is a form of observation that involves observing subjects in their natural environment. It can be used if conducting lab research would be unrealistic, cost-prohibitive, or would improperly affect the subject's behavior. It is carried out in a non-controlled setting. It has greater ecological validity (i.e. flexibility of the findings to be generalized to real-life contexts Its major limitation is its strength to establish a causal relationship due to the presence of extraneous variables which can affect the behavior of the participants

Forms of Observation

Participant Observation is a form of observation wherein the researcher becomes a complete observer or a participant in the study through the experience of spending time with a group of people and closely observing their actions, speech patterns, and norms, which in turn the researcher can gain an understanding. It allows the observer to become a member of the group or community that the participants belong to. It can be performed covertly (i.e., participants are not aware of the purpose behind the observation. It can be done also overtly, wherein participants know the intention or objectives of the observation

Different Roles of a Researcher during a Participant Observation

1. Complete Observer

This is a detached observer where the researcher is neither seen nor noticed by participants. It’s one way of minimizing the Hawthorne Effect as participants are more likely to act natural when they don’t know they’re being observed.

2. Complete Participant

This is a fully embedded researcher, almost like a spy. Here the observer fully engages with the participants and partakes in their activities. Participants aren’t aware that observation and research is being conducted, even though they fully interact with the researcher.

3. Observer as Participant

Here the researcher is known and recognized by the participants and in many cases, the participants know the research goals of the observer. There is some interaction with the participants, but the interaction is limited. The researcher’s aim is to play a neutral role as much as possible.

4. Participant as Observer

Here the researcher is fully engaged with the participants. She is more of a friend or colleague than a neutral third party. While there is full interaction with participants, they still know that this is a researcher.

Guidelines in Conducting an Observation

Before the Observation

• Clarify the research objectives.

• Be ready with observation checklist.

• Determine your time of observation and collection technique.

• Record only relevant information.

• Prepare consent form for human observation.

During the Observation

• Make sure to note the date, time, and place where the observation is

conducted.

• Limit the person who will observe.

• Explain the purpose of the observation to participants if applicable.

• Avoid causing disruptions while observing.

• Make sure to guarantee anonymity of paticipants.
• Make use of multiple recording schemes such astaking notes, videos,

audios, and photosbut with proper ethical considertions.

After the Observation

• Code or arrange the data gathered according to the variables of the

study.

• Tabulate the data, use numerical value for quantitative research.

• Review the data gathered to determine the gaps before proceeding.

Different Formats of Online Survey Tools (www.surveygizmo.com)

Ethical Considerations in Data Collection of Quantitative Research

Ethical considerations should always be practiced when conducting research. Researchers must ensure that respondents/ participants are treated fairly and properly especially during data collection. Consent form is a tool to be used that respects the right of every participant to be informed and to make voluntary participation during the data gathering.

Ethical Considerations in Data Collection of Quantitative Research

Informed Consent Form is a document whose intent is that human participants can enter research freely (voluntarily) with full information about what it means for them to take part, and that they give consent before they participate the research. This form must be accomplished before gathering data from the participants. It must be signed both by the researcher and the participant as they agree to the conditions during the actual conduct of the data collection process. It usually contains the following:

Ethical Considerations in Data Collection of Quantitative Research

1. Background of your study (Title of the Study, Purpose of the Study)

2. Name of Researchers and the Institution you are affiliated with

3. Data Collection Procedure

4. Possible discomfort or risk factors

5. Anonymity of the participants and their responses

6. Termination of Research (may refuse to participate anytime)

7. Authorization of the Participants (participants acknowledge the conditions that they will be subject to the study)

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Open Ended

Activity 2: Write Me Down

Directions: Interview five (5) families in your barangay or other possible options may be presented depending on the current situation in your community. Create three (3) interview questions regarding their situation during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. Make sure that the responses of your interview questions is quantifiable

1. _________

2. _________

3._________

4__________

5___________

Activity 3: Quantitative or Not?

Directions: Which of the following can be considered as quantitative interview questions? Put a check (✓) the space provided before the number if the following questions illustrate quantitative nature and mark it with X if it is not.

Multiple Choice

How often do you buy mobile accessories for social acceptance purposes?

• x

• ✓

Multiple Choice

How regularly do you go to malls in a week?

• x

• ✓

Multiple Choice

How much would you be willing to pay for a mobile app for dating?

• x

• ✓

Multiple Choice

What are the differences in attitudes towards shopping between men and women?

• x

• ✓

Multiple Choice

What is the difference in the number of telephone calls made between men and women?

• x

• ✓

Multiple Choice

What is the relationship between a grade in math and level of class participation among Grade 7 students?

• x

• ✓

Multiple Choice

What is the relationship between the number of COVID-19 cases and travel exposure?

• x

• ✓

Multiple Choice

What is the relationship between job satisfaction and salary among public school teachers?

• x

• ✓

Multiple Choice

Can you describe how you first became aware of the COVID-19 crisis?

• x

• ✓

Multiple Choice

Can you talk about your thoughts on how the COVID-19 pandemic affects a person, a family, a school, or a community?

• x

• ✓

Multiple Choice

How do you see yourself today, in terms of the “new normal”?

• x

• ✓

Multiple Choice

How does your family view your gender crisis?

• x

• ✓

Multiple Choice

What does your school or community do to educate you about the COVID-19 pandemic crisis?

• x

• ✓

Multiple Choice

Can you talk about whether or not you feel safe in your school or community after the enhanced community quarantine was lifted?

• x

• ✓

Multiple Choice

Which factors mostly distort the approval rating of the president?

• x

• ✓

Activity 4: Observe Me!

Directions: What type of observation is illustrated in the following observation notes? Write the letter of your choice on the space provided before the number. Choose from the choices below:

Multiple Choice

A doctor watching a patient's reaction to a medication.

• complete observer

• observer as participant

• participant as observer

• complete participant

Multiple Choice

Pilots watching their monitors for airplane movements and locations.

• complete observer

• observer as participant

• participant as observer

• complete participant

Multiple Choice

A biology teacher recording the daily data on bacteria growth at the Bio laboratory.

• complete observer

• observer as participant

• participant as observer

• complete participant

Multiple Choice

A guidance counselor watching a friend's reaction to her barkada’s confession.

• complete observer

• observer as participant

• participant as observer

• complete participant

Multiple Choice

An adviser watching her students work during independent work time.

• complete observer

• observer as participant

• participant as observer

• complete participant

Multiple Choice

An online tutorial company manager observing the conversation of the interviewer and the applicant to determine the quality of their performance.

• complete observer

• observer as participant

• participant as observer

• complete participant

Multiple Choice

A principal observing a math teacher gives a lesson to her class to evaluate her performance as an educator.

• complete observer

• observer as participant

• participant as observer

• complete participant

Multiple Choice

A parent is watching her children interact with other children on the playground.

• complete observer

• observer as participant

• participant as observer

• complete participant

Multiple Choice

An actress is watching her movie premier unfold on the big screen.

• complete observer

• observer as participant

• participant as observer

• complete participant

Multiple Choice

A group of Grade 12 students went to BFAR to perform certain duties as what the workers are doing.

• complete observer

• observer as participant

• participant as observer

• complete participant

Open Ended

What I Have Learned

Directions: Using the space below, write a reflective essay about your learning experience on the quantitative data-collection techniques. Let your essay reveal how much you learned about each concept behind each topic dealt with in this lesson. Express which concepts are the most understood, slightly understood, and the least understood ones.

Open Ended

What I Can Do

Directions: Perform the following tasks. You may write or encode your answer.

Decide on what type of data collection instrument you will use in obtaining data for your research study. Why will you use this specific data collection method?

Once you have decided on what data collection instrument to use, it is time to create your questions as a basis for data gathering. Make sure to align each of your questions or items to the research questions.

Additional Activity

Directions: Now that your data collection method and tool have been approved, it is now time to gather your data (float your questionnaire or test/ conduct your interview or observation). Make sure that your informed consent and questionnaire have been checked before distributing them to your participants. Reproduce your materials according to the target number of participants.