APWH:M 2.3 2.4 New

Multiple Choice

The founder of the Mongol Empire

• Genghis Khan

• Emperor Xiu

• Mansa Musa

• Shah Abbas

Multiple Choice

An inn or rest station for travelers in the desert regions of Asia or North Africa

• Bucky's

• Caravanserai

• Temples

• Qanats

Multiple Choice

People who herd animals by moving from place to place following rainfall and plant growth

• itinerant herders

• nomadic pastoralists

• sedentary pastoralists

• Sedentary agriculturalists

Multiple Choice

Chinese credit instrument, nickname for one of the earliest forms of paper currency

• Flying Money

• Silk Coins

• Flattened Currency

• Schrute Bucks

Multiple Choice

The period of peace and stability across Eurasia during Mongol rule. It led to increased trade.

• Pax Mongolica

• Silk Road

• Stable path

• Commercial stability

Multiple Choice

“Throughout its history, Central Asia has provided the ancient civilized empires on its borders with new Shahs, Sultans, or Sons of Heaven. These periodic invasions by the nomads of the steppe, whose khans ascended the thrones of Changan, Luoyang, Kaifeng, or Beijing*, of Isfahan or Tabriz**, Delhi or Constantinople, became one of the geographic laws of history. But there was another, opposing law which brought about the slow absorption of the invaders by the ancient civilized lands. The civilizations of China and Persia, though conquered, would in the long run vanquish their conquerors, intoxicating them with the pleasures of settled life, lulling them to sleep, and assimilating them culturally. Often, only fifty years after a conquest, the culturally Sinicized or Persianized former barbarian would be the first to stand guard over his adopted civilization and protect it against fresh nomadic onslaughts.”

*capital cities of various Chinese dynasties

**capital cities of various Persian dynasties

René Grousset, French historian of Central Asia, The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, 1939

Which of the following demonstrates the assimilation of nomadic conquerors into conquered societies during the period circa 1250–1450 ?

• The rulers of the Mali Empire converting to Islam through the influence of North African merchants and missionaries

• The rulers of the Yuan dynasty adopting Chinese court culture and methods of rule

• Trading states in Southeast Asia such as the Khmer and Srivijaya empires adopting syncretic Hindu-Buddhist practices

• Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans expanding their output because of a rising demand for luxury goods in Afro-Eurasia

Multiple Choice

Which of the following developments in the period circa 1250–1450 represents a situation that did not lead to conquerors assimilating into the cultures of the conquered societies?

• Invading armies establishing and maintaining a separate community, as illustrated by the European crusader kingdoms in the Middle East

• Merchants establishing diasporic communities and introducing their own traditions into the indigenous cultures, as illustrated by South Asian Muslim merchants spreading Islam to the islands of Southeast Asia

• Settled societies successfully resisting nomadic encroachments, as illustrated by the Mamluks of Egypt defeating the Mongols or Muscovy expelling the Golden Horde from Russia

• Conquering states fragmenting into several units because of political and social friction, as illustrated by the breakup of the Mongol Empire into individual khanates

Multiple Choice

“[Between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries] . . . Muslim maritime traders from Egypt sought goods coming from China and Southeast Asia [and] purchased these items on India’s southwestern coast. . . . Sea voyages between Egypt and India were still dangerous and still involved long voyages, as well as long stays in harbors where they waited, sometimes for several months, for the winds to shift direction. . . .

To protect themselves, Muslim merchants organized karim, convoyed merchant fleets. The rulers of Egypt began providing an armed escort for the fleets and succeeded in making the trade between the Red Sea and India a government-protected, regularly accomplished endeavor.

The karim merchants were organized in large family firms with substantial assets and clients in markets all over the trading networks. In the Indian Ocean trade, Muslim traders not only dealt with other Muslims, but also Hindus, Zoroastrians, Christians, and Jews. Traders of various religious backgrounds boarded the same ships or stayed in the same caravanserai. In Egypt, many Jewish traders actually operated their businesses within the framework of Muslim business networks.”

Xinru Liu and Lynda Norene Shaffer, historians, Connections across Eurasia, published in 2007

Based on the pattern of trade described in the third paragraph, the Egyptian karim merchants were most likely directly involved in which of the following broader developments in the Indian Ocean in the period circa 1200–1450 ?

• The establishment of diasporic merchant communities

• The transfer of European scientific knowledge to South Asia

• The creation of new monotheistic religions

• The introduction of new financial innovations such as paper money

Fill in the Blank

The navigational instrument used by sailors to determine latitude by measuring the position of stars is called an ___.

Open Ended

Who were the diasporic merchant communities, and how did they connect different places through trade?

Multiple Choice

Which of the following products were primarily exported from India during the growth of Indian Ocean trade?

• Cotton fabrics, carpets, steel, pepper

• Silks, ceramics, gold, ivory

• Nutmeg, cinnamon, cloves, horses

• Figs, dates, slaves, gold

Multiple Choice

Which of the following maritime technologies improved navigation and trade in the Indian Ocean?

• Astrolabe, stern rudder, lateen sail

• Steam engine, telegraph, compass

• Printing press, gunpowder, astrolabe

• Caravel, steamship, compass

Multiple Choice

Which of the following were reasons for the growth of trade in the Indian Ocean region?

• State support, knowledge of monsoon winds, new maritime advances

• Decline of cities, lack of demand, isolationist policies

• Limited products, weak states, lack of navigation tools

• Desertification, nomadic invasions, lack of ports

Open Ended

How did the rise of Swahili city-states and increased state involvement affect trade and wealth in Eastern Africa?

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes the impact of Zheng He’s voyages on China’s trade and international relations, according to the primary source?

• They isolated China from foreign influence.

• They established friendly relations and increased trade with distant lands.

• They focused only on military conquest.

• They reduced the demand for foreign goods in China.

Open Ended

Explain how the spread of Islam influenced cultural and linguistic changes along the Sub-Saharan trade routes.

Fill in the Blank

The introduction of ___ as a mode of transport allowed traders to cross the Sahara more efficiently.

Multiple Choice

Which technological innovation most significantly improved long-distance trade across the Sahara Desert?

• The use of camels for transport

• The invention of the wheel

• The construction of paved roads

• The use of horses for transport

Open Ended

Describe the economic impact of Mansa Musa's stopover in Cairo during his pilgrimage to Mecca.

Multiple Select

Which of the following were key stopping points on Mansa Musa's Hajj to Mecca?

• Timbuktu

• Gao

• Cairo

• Great Zimbabwe

Open Ended

What were the immediate economic effects of Mansa Musa’s gold distribution in Cairo? What broader effects might this have had on trade?

Multiple Choice

What was one major consequence of the massive influx of gold into Cairo's economy as a result of Mansa Musa's pilgrimage?

• Devaluation of gold in Cairo

• Increase in gold mining

• Decline in trade with Asia

• Rise of new empires

Multiple Choice

How did the monsoon winds influence trade in the Indian Ocean region?

• They made navigation more difficult for traders.

• They helped ships travel faster and more predictably across the ocean.

• They caused frequent shipwrecks and discouraged trade.

• They limited trade to only coastal regions.

Multiple Choice

In the period circa 1200–1450, which of the following most directly enabled merchants to bring salt and other bulk products to markets in sub-Saharan Africa?

• The diffusion of new maritime technologies such as the lateen sail

• The adoption of innovative practices in overland trading, such as the use of camel caravans and saddles

• The transfer of East Asian technologies to western Afro-Eurasia during the period of Pax Mongolica

• The shared use of the Arabic language and common practice of Islam by both North African and sub-Saharan merchant communities

Multiple Choice

“On several occasions, Ghazan Khan^* went to the observatory at Maragha^** and watched the Muslim, Christian, and Chinese astronomers make their observations. He looked at all the operations and instruments, studied them, and asked about their procedures, which he understood in spite of their difficulty. He also ordered the construction of a dome in order to investigate the Sun’s motion and he spoke out with his astronomers about it. All of them said that although they had never seen such an instrument, it was reasonable and sensible.

He gave orders for the construction of an observatory next to his tomb in Tabriz in Persia. He explained how to construct the observatory with such clarity that local wise men marveled at his intelligence, because such work had not been done in any era. Those wise men said that constructing the observatory would be extremely difficult. He guided them, whereupon they commenced building it and they finished it following his instructions. Those wise men and all the engineers agreed that nobody had done such a thing before nor had imagined doing it.”

^*ruler of the Mongol Ilkhanate, whose territories included most of the Muslim Middle East; reigned 1295–1304

**an astronomical observatory in present-day Azerbaijan, established by a grant from the first Ilkhanid ruler in the mid-thirteenth century

Rashid al-Din Hamdani, Persian Muslim historian and government minister in Ghazan Khan’s court, excerpt from a universal history commissioned by Ghazan Khan, completed circa 1316

Which of the following best describes the author’s purpose in the passage?

• To provide detailed descriptions of the instruments used at the Maragha and Tabriz observatories

• To evaluate the importance of the astronomical discoveries made by Ilkhanid scientists

• To portray his patron as a generous supporter of the sciences and a man of unusual intelligence

• To criticize Ghazan for his vanity and remind him to focus on religious and spiritual pursuits

Multiple Choice

“On several occasions, Ghazan Khan^* went to the observatory at Maragha^** and watched the Muslim, Christian, and Chinese astronomers make their observations. He looked at all the operations and instruments, studied them, and asked about their procedures, which he understood in spite of their difficulty. He also ordered the construction of a dome in order to investigate the Sun’s motion and he spoke out with his astronomers about it. All of them said that although they had never seen such an instrument, it was reasonable and sensible.

He gave orders for the construction of an observatory next to his tomb in Tabriz in Persia. He explained how to construct the observatory with such clarity that local wise men marveled at his intelligence, because such work had not been done in any era. Those wise men said that constructing the observatory would be extremely difficult. He guided them, whereupon they commenced building it and they finished it following his instructions. Those wise men and all the engineers agreed that nobody had done such a thing before nor had imagined doing it.”

^*ruler of the Mongol Ilkhanate, whose territories included most of the Muslim Middle East; reigned 1295–1304

**an astronomical observatory in present-day Azerbaijan, established by a grant from the first Ilkhanid ruler in the mid-thirteenth century

Rashid al-Din Hamdani, Persian Muslim historian and government minister in Ghazan Khan’s court, excerpt from a universal history commissioned by Ghazan Khan, completed circa 1316

Which of the following best describes the historical situation in Eurasia at the time the passage was written?

• Frequent warfare limited the opportunities for cultural, scientific, and artistic innovation.

• Political upheaval and reorganization increased cultural and scientific exchanges across regions

• Revived long-distance trade spread pathogens and infections to regions that had not been previously affected by them.

• The invention and spread of new weapons and military tactics radically transformed the global balance of power.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following contributed to the Chinese government’s decision to stop voyages of exploration in the Indian Ocean in the early fifteenth century?

• Armed resistance from Arab navies

• Lack of sufficient Chinese goods for trade

• The destruction of the Chinese fleet by typhoons

• Government concern with domestic problems and frontier security

Multiple Choice

What some specific examples of the technological causes of increased trade along the silk road?

• caravenserai, flying cash and banking houses

• lateen sails, maps, compass and astrolabe

• compass, astrolabe, maps and camel saddles

• dhow ships, maps and compass

Multiple Choice

What was the importance of the camel?

• the camel was able to eat a lot of food often

• the camel had many offspring

• they allowed people to cross the Sahara desert due to its endurance

• the camel was faster than the horse

Multiple Choice

What changes did Trade bring to West Africa?

• Islam was introduced to Mali

• Buddhism was introduced to Mali

• Women gained more rights

• Great Zimbabwe became a center of learning

Multiple Choice

___________________________ is the combining of different beliefs, while blending practices of various schools of thought.

• Acculturation

• Syncretism

• Socialization

• Cultural Diffusion

Multiple Choice

Which of these accurate describes the political status of China in Marco Polo’s time?

• China was under foreign influence by European commercial interests
• China was experiencing a series of civil wars led by regional warlords
• China was under the control of Mongol rulers
• China was controlled by religious leaders who chose the emperor

Multiple Choice

Ibn Battuta traveled widely across the Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Africa in the fourteenth century. His travels serve as evidence for the

• unifying influence of Islam

• excellent condition of roads in Africa and Asia

• political unity of Africa and Asia

• widespread use of paper money

Multiple Choice

The map shows which of the following empires at its greatest extent?

• The empire of Alexander the Great

• The Mongol Empire

• The Russian Empire

• The Byzantine Empire

Multiple Choice

During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, territories under Mongol control benefited from which of the following?

• Widespread adoption of Confucian family hierarchies

• Trade that facilitated the spread of Christianity throughout the Indian Ocean region

• Trade that tied several distinct regional networks together

• Widespread adoption of Buddhist religious practices

Multiple Choice

The development of Indian Ocean trade routes in the period 600 B.C.E. to 600 C.E. and the development of transatlantic trade routes in the period 1450 C.E. to 1600 C.E. were similar in that both depended on

• the impetus of missionizing religions

• understanding of currents and wind patterns

• the political consolidation of newly conquered regions into empires

• innovations in ship design that originated in Europe

Multiple Choice

The map below shows what significant economic developments?

• Trade connections that linked the Hellenistic and Mauryan empires to African cities from 300 through 150 B.C.E.

• Trading networks that promoted the growth of new cities from 600 C.E. through 1450 C.E

• Chinese dominance of Indian Ocean trading networks because of the voyages of Zheng He in the 1400s C.E.

• Changes in Indian Ocean trading networks that resulted from technological innovations from 1450 C.E. through 1750 C.E.

Multiple Choice

The Sahara held rich deposits of which highly valued commodity?

• gold

• silver

• oil

• nickle

Multiple Choice

Swahili civilization was influenced by which of the following cultures?

• Chinese

• Bantu

• European

• Indian

Multiple Choice

According to Map 7.2, "The Sea Roads," which civilization would traders have encountered on the east coast of Africa?

• Arabian

• Mongols

• Egyptians

• Swahili City States

Multiple Choice

What city was a major wealthy trading center in Western Africa?

• Zimbabwe

• Kilwa

• Timbuktu

• Axum

Multiple Choice

The Swahili language is made up of what two languages?

• Bantu and Arabic

• Hindi and Arabic

• Bantu and Hindi

• Hindi and Congolese

Multiple Choice

As the Mongols' empires expanded, they facilitated and encouraged trade by…

• closing caravanserais along the Silk Roads

• Encouraging missionaries to spread Christianity

• Making the Silk Roads safer by using Mongol soldiers to protect the merchants and travelers

• None are correct

Multiple Choice

How did the plague impact Europe?

• People started to question the church
• 1/3 of the population died
• It contributed to the decline of feudalism
• All are correct

Multiple Choice

This Chinese ship could carry 700 people and 260 tons of cargo

• motorboat

• junk

• caravel

• sailboat