Latin American Revolutions

​Latin American Revolutions

By Joseph Sharp

Revolution, Reaction, Reform

Latin American Revolutions

include many great topics and perspectives on the concept of revolution, reactions, and reform. Today's lesson and the following activities will help you learn about these revolutionary events in preparation for the National History Day projects.

National History Day competition

Once again, our Bulldog Academy classes center on history enrichment, particularly in the preparation to compete in the National History Day competition in the spring.
We'll be having various background lessons & activities on revolutions and reform movements as we move through the fall.
We'll also do some other generally enriching lessons on historical and civic oriented topics.

Revolution, Reaction, Reform

Latin American Revolutions

include many great topics and perspectives on the concept of revolution, reactions, and reform. Today's lesson and the following activities will help you learn about these revolutionary events in preparation for the National History Day projects.

takes place from 1763-1781 in what becomes the United States. It is a big influence on Latin American revolutions. We'll learn about the American Revolution in 8th grade history classes.

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​The American Revolution

more directly impacts the Latin American revolutions at the turn of the 19th Century.
TURN AND TALK: WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER ABOUT THE FRENCH REVOLUTION?

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​The French Revolution

​The Enlightenment

is also a very important factor in the coming of these revolutions. Ideas such as equality, democracy, and liberty were spreading across Europe and the Americas.

controlled much of the Western Hemisphere with colonies. Spain was the most powerful empire of the 1500's and 1600's with colonies in North, Central, and South America.

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European powers

in North America, until the French and Indian War. Also, France had colonies in the Caribbean and part of South America. The most profitable colony in the world was Saint Domingue on the island of Hispanola.

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France had colonies

Multiple Select

Why do you think Saint Dominigue was so profitable

• Location, location, location

• They grew sugar cane. People love sugar.

• technological innovation

• slavery

profited from growing sugar cane and using slave labor. The island's Black slave population numbered 500,000 compared to 40,000 white settlers and 30,000 free people of color.​

​Saint Domingue (Haiti)

Unlike some other revolutions, Haiti's revolution originated from the most oppressed class within it's population.
A slave revolt seems very natural in this situation, but what else happened?

​Saint Domingue (Haiti)

were inspired by events in the French Revolution to demand self-government for themselves. The slaves borrowed the slogan of liberty, equality, and fraternity to revolt against their masters and demand their freedom.

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French white settlers on Saint Domingue

Multiple Choice

In 1791, what leader became the inspirational general who led revolts to free slaves in Haiti.

• Simon Bolivar

• George Washington

• Toussaint L'Ouverture

and the rebels were able to end slavery in Haiti by 1798. In 1802, Napoleon sends troops to Haiti to try to reconquer it.

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​Toussaint L'Ouverture

Rebels will continue to fight and secure Haitian independence in 1804. Rival Haitian leaders fought for control for years, and Haiti became a republic in 1820.

​Although Toussaint will be captured and die in prison,

Multiple Choice

After Haitian independence, what will be the next Latin American country to call for independence?

• Colombia

• Mexico

• Brazil

• Honduras

Mexican Independence

​Begins in 1810 with Father Miguel Hildalgo's "cry for Independence"

• Indigenous and mixed-race peoples joined the uprising

• José María Morelos continued the fight

• Agustín de Iturbide achieved independence

• Mexico became independent in 1821

Multiple Choice

True or False: Father Hidalgo called for an end to slavery and reforms to help Native Mexicans

• True

• False

Creoles, or Spanish born in America, at first supported Hidalgo, but later fearing the loss of land and wealth rejected his rebellion. Hidalgo was captured and executed.

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Father Hidalgo called for an end to slavery and abuses against Natives.

More supporters continued the fight for independence, like Father Jose Morales. Like Hidalgo, Morales was also killed along with other indigenous (mestizo) rebels trying to achieve independence.
A key turn in the struggle for Mexican Independence involved Agustin Iturbide. Iturbide had fought against Mexican revolutionaries for years, but turned to the rebel side after liberal actions in Spain convinced him that his position in the New World could be threatened. Iturbide overthrew the Spanish Viceroy and then declared himself Emperor Agustin. Not long after, Native rebels overthrew Iturbide and established the Mexican Republic in 1821.
Mexico struggled over the next 100 years as an independent nation, with military leaders ruling with arms and struggling for power.

Drag and Drop

After a decade of struggle, Mexico achieved its independence in ​

Placeholder

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

1821

1818

1776

1800

Multiple Choice

True or False: Agustin Iturbide tried add most of Central American territories into his brief Mexican Empire.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

True or False: There was once a country south of Mexico called "The United Provinces of Central America."

• True: it included Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, and Costa Rica

• False: The Central American countries have always been independent separate countries.

Iturbide was overthrown in 1821. Local leaders in Central America created a republic.

The United Provinces of Central America lasted for about 18 years. Beginning in 1838, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras broke away to become independent countries. The next year, Guatemala and El Salvador followed suit.

South America will witness rebellions against Spain and Portugal.

who claimed his ancestors were Incan kings, will lead Native American revolts in western South America in the area which is today Peru. He demanded an end of enslaving indigenous people. He was killed by a large Spanish army, but eventually the Spanish ended the practice of enslaving native people.

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​Tupac
Amaru,

was an educated creole (American born Spaniard) who admired the French and American revolutions. When Napoleon occupied Spain, Bolivar acted to establish an independent republic in his native Venezuela.

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​Simon Bolivar

​Napoleon's French Empire impacted the Americas

Napoleon's invasion of Spain (1808) weakened Spanish control of its empire. The king was removed and replaced with Napoleon's brother. Potential revolutionaries, like Bolivar, saw it as an opportunity.

his new republic was quickly toppled by conservative forces, and twice he stayed in Haiti in exile.

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​Bolivar was not successful at first

Simon Bolivar

• Bolivar returned and led independence movements in multiple regions

• He eventually liberated Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia

• Created Gran Colombia (1819-1830)

• Fought against Spanish forces for 20 years

• Promoted unity among Latin American nations

• Known as "El Libertador" (The Liberator)

Multiple Choice

What country will be named for Simon Bolivar?

• Ecuador

• Colombia

• Bolivia

• Chile

was inspired by and joined Simon Bolivar in the struggle against Spanish colonialism.

​Jose de San Martin

San Martín's Southern Campaign

• Liberated Argentina, Chile, and Peru

• Famous Crossing of the Andes (1817)

• Worked with Bernardo O'Higgins in Chile

• Met with Bolívar in Guayaquil (1822)

• Stepped aside to allow Bolívar to complete liberation

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Multiple Choice

This revolutionary of the Latin American Revolutions helped liberate the southern part of South America from Spain.

• Simon Bolivar

• Toussaint L' Ouverture

• Jose San Martin

• Father Miguel Hidalgo

• Unique peaceful transition to independence

• Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil (1808)

• Prince Pedro declared independence (1822)

• Became Emperor Pedro I of Brazil

• Maintained monarchy until 1889

• Avoided major revolutionary warfare

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​Brazil

Multiple Choice

Which of the following countries in Latin America gained its independence through a "Bloodless Revolution"?

• Venezuela

• Mexico

• Brazil

• Columbia

Multiple Select

Which of the following were influences of the Latin American Revolutions? (The Domino Effect)

• The Enlightenment

• The American Revolution

• The French Revolution

• The Russian Revolution

Multiple Select

What helped "Spark" the Latin American Revolutions?

• Napoleon Bonaparte selling the Louisiana Territory to the United States.

• Napoleon Bonaparte conquering Spain in 1808 and putting his brother on the throne.

• Napoleon Bonaparte escaping from the island of Elba.

• Napoleon Bonaparte reinstating slavery in French colonies in 1803.

Multiple Choice

This revolutionary of the Latin American Revolutions helped liberate the northern part of South America from Spain. He was also known as the "Great Liberator".

• Simon Bolivar

• Toussaint L' Ouverture

• Jose San Martin

• Father Miguel Hidalgo

Multiple Choice

This revolutionary of the Latin American Revolutions helped liberate the Haiti from France. This freed slave led one of the only successful slave rebellions in the western hemisphere.

• Simon Bolivar

• Toussaint L' Ouverture

• Jose San Martin

• Father Miguel Hidalgo

Multiple Choice

This revolutionary of the Latin American Revolutions started the Mexican War for Independence. Mexico would eventually gain its independence from Spain.

• Simon Bolivar

• Toussaint L' Ouverture

• Jose San Martin

• Father Miguel Hidalgo

Match

Match the revolutionary with the country they helped to create.

• Agustin Iturbide

• Tupac Amaru

• Simon Bolivar

• Dom Pedro

Mexico

Peru

Bolivia

Brazil

• Mexico

• Peru

• Bolivia

• Brazil

Match

Match the map with the country.

• Which country?

• Which country?

• which country?

• which country?

Mexico

Peru

Bolivia

Brazil

• Mexico

• Peru

• Bolivia

• Brazil

Match

Match the revolutionary with the country they helped to create.

• Miguel Hidalgo

• Toussaint L'Ouverture

• Simon Bolivar

• Jose de San Martin

Mexico

Haiti

Colombia

Argentina

• Mexico

• Haiti

• Colombia

• Argentina

Match

Match the map with the country.

• which country

• which country

• which country?

• which country?

Honduras

Haiti

Colombia

Argentina

• Honduras

• Haiti

• Colombia

• Argentina