2.2 Europeans Gain Footholds in Asia

​2.2 Europeans Gain Footholds in Asia

By KENNEDY STREETER

​Lesson Objectives

SWBAT: summarize how Portugal built a trading empire in South and Southeast Asia, analyze the rise of Dutch and Spanish dominance in Asia and the Indian Ocean, understand how the decline of Mughal India affected European traders in the region, describe European contacts with Ming and Qing China, and summarize Korea's and Japan's attitudes toward contact with the outside world

SS.H.1.9-12. Evaluate how historical developments were shaped by time and place as well as broader historical contexts
SS.H.2.9-12. Analyze change and continuity within and across historical eras.
SS.H.3.9-12. Evaluate the methods utilized by people and institutions to promote change.
SS.H.11.9-12. Analyze multiple and complex causes and effects of events in the past.
SS.H.12.9-12. Analyze the geographic and cultural forces that have resulted in conflict and cooperation.

Essential Question: How successful were European attempts to establish missions and trade and Ming and Qing China?

• 1510- Portuguese seized the island of Goa- a coastal city seized in 1510 that became the commercial and military base of Portugal's India trade

  • Albuquerque burned coastal town/crushed Arab fleets at sea

• 1511: took Portuguese port of and killed cities Muslim inhabitants- Malacca- city located on the Malay peninsula near the strategic Straits of Malacca

• Outposts- a distant military station or a remote settlement

​Trading outposts Around the Indian Ocean

• Afonso de Albuquerque- a Portuguese admiral who helped found Portugal's empire in the East; captured and built forts: Goa, Calicut, Malacca, and Hormoz; set up shipbuilding and other Portuguese industries in India/built churches

• Muslim rulers (from central Asia) established the Mughal Empire throughout India

  • Mughal Empire-Muslim empire that ruled most of northern India from mid 1500s to the mid 1700s; aka the Mogul empire

  • Albuquerque and Portuguese won princes= end Muslim power and turn Indian ocean to 'Portuguese Lake"

​Albuquerque in India

Portugal Builds an Empire in Asia

• used cities to to resupply and repair ships

• most of 1500s- Portugal controlled the spice trade between Europe and Asia

• Portugal- 1st European power to gain foothold in Asia

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pictured: Afonso De Albuquerque

​Portugal Builds an Empire in Asia

Portugal Builds an Empire in Asia

​Limited Impact

• Portuguese had sea power but remained on outskirts of Asian trade

  • had neither strength nor resources to conquer territory on land

• In India and China, only sought permission to trade

• unwillingness of Portuguese missionaries= resentment

  • Goa= attacked Muslims, destroyed Hindu temples, and introduced the Inquisition (Church court set up to try people accused of heresy)

  • Portuguese behavior disrupted old trade patterns, exchanges continued among people in Asia

  • some bypasseed Portuguese controlled towns

• late 1500s- Portuguese power declined overseas

• Dutch (present day Netherlands)- 1st Europeans to challenge Portuguese domination of Asian trade

• Protestant northern provinces won independence and competed against Portugal to control the rice spice trade of the Indies

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​Rise of the Dutch and the Spanish

• 1602: group of wealthy Dutch merchants formed the Dutch East India Company- a trading company established with full sovereign powers by the Netherlands in 1602 to protect and expand its trade in Asia

• other countries expeditions were controlled by government but DEIC has full sovereign (having full, independent powers)

• 1641: Dutch captured Malacca from Portuguese opened trade w/China and enforced a monopoly (complete control of a product or business by one person or a group) in Spice Islands

​The Dutch Dominate Indian Ocean Trade

• 1599- Dutch fleet returned to Amsterdam from Asia carrying cargo of pepper, cloves and other spices

• used sea power to set up colonies and trading posts around world, as well as in Cape Town

​Dutch Sea Power

Rise of the Dutch and the Spanish

• Philippines= key link in Spain's overseas trading empire

• Spanish- shipped silver mined in Mexico and Peru across the Pacific to Philippines

  • used silver to buy goods in China

• large American silver flowed into the economics of East Asian nations

​The Spanish Trade Network

• Spain took over the Philippines- a country in southeastern Asia made up of several thousand islands;seized by Spanish in the 1500s; became an important link in Spain's overseas trading empire as the destination of silver fleets sent from the Americas

  • Spain conquered and colonized the island; renaming it for Spanish King Philip II

  • Catholic reformation, Spanish priests set out to convert Filipino to Christianity

​Spain Capture the Philippines

Rise of the Dutch and the Spanish

​Europeans Trade in Mughal India

• Mughal empire weakened overtime

  • Later rulers ended an earlier policy of religious toleration= conflict between Hindu and Mughal

• Civil war drained Mughal resources

• rulers increased taxes= peasant rebellions

​Turmoil and Decline

• Mughal Trade- the center of the valuable spice trade

  • leader in: textile manufacturing, exporting large quantities of silk and cotton cloth

• Mughal empire- larger, richer and more powerful than any kingdom in Europe

  • Mughal emperors did not view Europeans as a threat; could build forts and warehouses on Indian coastal towns

​A Thriving Trade Center

European Trade in Mughal India

Europeans Trade in Mughal India

​British- French Rivalry in India

• Mughal power declined= French and English traders fought for power

  • French and English companies made alliances w/ local officials and independent rajahs (princely rulers)

  • ea. company had sepoys- Indian solider who served in an army set up by the French or English trading companies

• British and French= struggle for global power

  • in India, the British East India Company used an army of British troops and sepoys to drive out French

• 1514: Portuguese ships reached China

  • Chinese considered Portuguese and foreigners barbarian(lacked civil ways of Chinese)

​Ming China and Europe

• Ming allowed Portuguese to set up trading post in Macao, present day Guangzhou

  • Macao-trading post Ming Dynasty allowed Portuguese to set up trading post

  • Guangzhou- aka Canton- during Ming dynasty the Dutch, English and other European nations could trade w/ Chinese merchants under supervision of imperial officials and during trading season

• Ming, had no interest in Europe- Ming doctrine claimed "our empire owns the world

  • Portuguese wanted Chinese silks and porcelains -had little to offer

    • Chinese demaded gold and silver as payment

​Trade with Ming China

Ming China and Europe

Ming China and Europe

​Christian Missionaries

• Portuguese missionaries such as Jesuits arrived w/ traders

  • Jesuits (a religious order known for its commitment to education, missionary work, and the promotion of Catholicism)

• Most Jesuits had broad knowledge of subjects and Chinese welcomed chance to learn about Renaissance Europe from them

  • Matteo Ricci- Italian scholar and Jesuit priest who traveled China. 1589- began to teach Chinese scholars European mathematical ideas

    • Goal to convert upper class Chinese to Christianity

• Chinese fascinated w/ European technologies and discoveries

  • The priest had very little success in spreading religious beliefs

The Manchus Conquer China

• Manchus-people originally from Manchuria,north of China- conquered the Ming Dynasty and ruled China as the Qing dynasty from the mid 1600s to early 1900s

  • 1644- Manchus seized Beijing and made it their capital.